electrical conductivity of propylene glycol water mixture electrical conductivity of propylene glycol water mixture
[20] obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 17.23% for ND/EG nanofluid at 1.0vol.% at a temperature of 30C. The stable PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids were prepared by dispersing ND acid treated, The nanodiamond (ND) particles were produced using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. 0000073219 00000 n The GMDH model showed a better performance compared to GEP, and could predict all data with an average absolute relative error of 2.27% in training and 2.44% in testing data set. The purification of UDD powders is important for achieving good stable nanofluids. Conductivity The dataset includes 13 different nanofluids with temperature from 30.00 to 149.15C, particle size from 5.00 to 150.00nm, particle thermal conductivity from 1.20 to 1000.00W/mk, particle volume fractions from 0.01 to11.22%, and base fluid thermal conductivity from 0.11 to 0.69W/mk. Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the thermal properties. The main advantages of this measurement technique are short measurement times, easy sample preparation and high accuracy. 0000113197 00000 n and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. The density, isobaric heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids are determined by the oscillating U-tube, differential scanning calorimetry, and transient hot wire methods, respectively. A. O. Maselugbo, B. L. Sadiku and J. R. Alston, New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations have been developed based on the experimental data. 499-508, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 96, 2015, pp. Forced convection experiments were performed on an instrumented metal plate with micro-channels. Prediction of electrical conductivity of TiO 2 water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids for cooling application in low temperature PEM fuel cells. The purchased UDD powders treated with strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make them into single ND-crystals. WebLearn about the chemical and physical properties of Ethylene Glycol/water mixtures, on our blog. 0000088462 00000 n 0000102258 00000 n The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders is removed with strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make them into single ND crystals. A shell and helically coil heat exchanger (SCHE) is used to experimentally investigate the performance of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid as a coolant. Propylene Glycol Ethers Diamond circular saws and diamond wire saws present some technological limits, and the marble frame saw cannot process granite by now. 181-190, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 129, 2019, pp. Energy . Because of the poor electrical conductivity of the -SiC particles compared to the base ethylene glycol and propylene glycols ( p < < bf), case (1) therefore holds accordingly. This study reports a nanofluid that achieves long-term stability without any additives. About 26% increase in coolant side heat transfer coefficient was obtained with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid under constant bath temperature condition which could be attributed to thermal conductivity enhancement as well as improved natural convection due to viscosity reduction. 0000002335 00000 n The preparation and properties of hybrid nanofluids containing diamond nanoparticles are analyzed and discussed in detail, and a list of potential uses for these enhanced heat transfer fluids in industrial and commercial applications is provided and deliberated. Conjugate heat transfer was found to reduce the Nusselt number which agrees with the literature, this also resulted in a Peclet number dependent Nusselt number. When compared to Propylene glycolwater (50:50) along with Propylene glycolwater (50:50) dispersed with 0.25% Graphene, it is clear from Fig. Appl. Table 8-3-1 - Properties of mixture Water/Glycol - CERN The heat transfer capability of these single phase heat transfer fluids is limited because of its poor thermal conductivity. All were assigned as low priority for further work. Annual production of propylene glycol in The proportion of micro-fractured and good diamonds in the new frame saw machine are 45% and 25%, respectively, and the productivity of the new machine is between 6 and 15m2/h. If you want to reproduce the whole article On the other hand preparation of propylene glycol/water (PG/W) based nanofluids and estimation of thermal properties is also important before use in heat transfer equipments, because these PG/W fluids are also used as engine coolants for automobile radiators. 0000000918 00000 n BNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. Sundar et al. [27] prepared PG based Al2O3 nanofluids and estimated viscosity experimentally and proposed viscosity model. [34] for Al2O3/PG and TiO2/PG nanofluids. 0000087804 00000 n This study recommends that the volume concentration of Fe3O4/60:40%W+EG nanofluid should not exceed volume concentration of 1.0% because the added benefit of working with concentrations higher than 1.0vol% may not outweigh the added cost and complexities of the nanofluid. For 1.0% and a Reynolds number of 1454.4, the thermal performance factor is increased by 1.194-times above the basic fluid. Electrical conductivity measurements of nanofluids and - PubMed The article presents the results of detailed studies of the thermal conductivity of the water slurry of microencapsulated PCM (mPCM) and slurry based on waterpropylene glycol solutions. The thermal conductivity of single phase heat transfer fluids may be enhanced by dispersing small quantity of solid particles. The reason for the agglomeration of UDD powders in the base fluid is due to the presence of carbon impurities. Under constant heat flux conditions, ZnOPG nanofluids exhibited linear increase in heat removal rates with increasing nanoparticle concentration. Therefore, there is no literature on the thermal properties of PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. 0000060250 00000 n [23] first time prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based CuO nanofluids and observed viscosity enhancement of 4.5-times and 3.1-times at 6.12vol.% at temperatures of 35C to 50C. WebThere are two main types of water glycol mixtures used in heating/cooling systems that mix well in water at any concentration. 34590-94-8 isomeric mixture and 20324-32-7 major isomer) PM and PMA were reviewed at SIAM 11 and DPM was reviewed at SIAM 12. BNNBs are allotrope composites composed of boron nitride nanotube cores with walls decorated with attached hexagonal boron nitride crystals, creating a jagged morphology that facilitates the formation of a connected network and contributes to the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanofluids. The hot fluid volume flow rate was fixed to 1 lit/min, whereas, the cold fluid (nanofluid) volume flow rate was varied from 2 to 6 lit/min. The instrument is based on transient plane source (TPS) technique and is widely used for thermal conductivity measurement. There are different methods to purify the UDD powders. MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol) or C2H6O2. model and the Mouromtseff number were used to study the heat transfer capability of ND nanofluid under laminar and turbulent flow conditions. For reliability, Electrical conductivity of aqueous Propylene glycol (PG/W-30/70) is determined (30EG/70W) as a for three times and the same is compared with Based on the above methods the acid treatment method is more effective compared to other salt and sucrose methods. [18] observed thermal conductivity enhancements of 7.2% and 9.8% for water based ND nanofluids at 3.0vol.% at temperatures of 30C and 50C, respectively. FPx[[cu/Ajl22jw+x{5DD93o9$C y6q`xTu/~:'KY'Nf700zGRb9 cyI/ dk'Cw JO|i%H_o]*2?h1tz{]uhD5:h;)[.2sQvW |ZHcv7Qcr9]Ee5c w?a%2b5XATC3{d^Tzt h-!T`EH|}'EPj:]vRFl_/ uoDG0x5zUK;EI[".WzVkE=*j\2U]O sh`5 Yu et al. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission, C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. Webviscosity, a relatively high specific heat and thermal conductivity, as well as good mixing with water and alcohols cause the ethylene glycol to be widely used in practice [13]. Viscosity, electrical and thermal conductivities of 0000002832 00000 n Jee and Lee [11] used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and observed the removal of carbon impurities. However, experimental studies that jointly explore the physical properties of hybrids and the corresponding mono nanofluids are missing. Interactions between spherical and sheet-like nanoparticles explain this behaviour. Experiments were performed to study the transient heat transfer characteristics of probe-ultrasonicated, surfactant-free, ZnOpropylene glycol (ZnOPG) nanofluids under constant heat flux and constant bath temperature conditions. Since water is seen as the golden standard in thermal conductivity, higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in a water solution will cause heat to pass through it slower, therefore, the lower the amount of ethylene glycol in the mixture, the more efficient it is at conducting heat. These plates are to be used in a proposed compact (thin and light-weight) solar thermal flat plate collector (FPC). Please enable JavaScript Islam, R.; Shabani, B. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 2 shows the IR spectra of UDD powders, acid treated, salt and sucrose milled samples. The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of PG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, and Fe3O4 nanofluids. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Webconductivity. Future research should focus on enhancing the dispersion stability of BNNB nanofluids and exploring the influence of BNNB morphology on the thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties of nanofluids. The thermal conductivity results here reported can be compared with those previously published by Sundar et al. Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. The earlier works reveal the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of water, ethylene glycol, mineral oil and midel oil based ND nanofluids. Scaling effects such as viscous dissipation and entrance effects had insignificant impact on the measured average Nusselt number. A binary mixture of propylene glycol and water at 20:80 mass ratio offers protection against freezing up to 265.98 K [13], making it suitable as a heat transfer fluid An estimation of the optimal supplied energy and time for sonication was suggested, while temperature and volumetric concentration effects on thermal conductivity are evaluated by measurements. Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher the conductivity. It was observed that the position of the thermocouples can result in an under-estimation of the Nusselt number. The electrical conductivity of glycol mixtures within the range of Different weight or mass ratios of ethylene glycol/water (EG/W) or propylene glycol/water (PG/W) fluids are commonly used as engine coolants for automobile radiators and also used as coolant for electronic equipments, heating industrial and residential buildings in the cold countries of the world such as Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Russia, because of its low freezing point i.e. [19] obtained viscosity enhancement of 80% for midel oil based ND nanofluids at 3.0wt.%. Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of 50/50 Water The exergy efficiency of the SCHE can be increased by 21% using 1.0vol% of nanofluid, but the improvement becomes modest as the volume concentration is increased further. The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders have been removed using mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were investigated experimentally, whereas the density and specific heat were estimated theoretically. [16] prepared 20% of water and 50% of engine oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 25% at 1.0wt.% Taha-Tijerina et al. . The functional groups on the treated UDD powders were analyzed by FTIR. Thus, the new prototype machine is suitable for sawing granite. The low freezing point of water (below 0C) may be achieved by adding different ratios of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, so that the EG/W or PG/W fluid can operate up to 50C without any difficult [22]. To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the The values of Ck and C for all the volume concentrations and, The purchased UDD powders were successfully treated using strong acids, dry powders of salt and sucrose to remove carbon impurities. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of nanodiamond was analyzed by FTIR. [14,15] for mono nanofluids based on the same base fluid, propylene glycol:water 20:80 wt%. Using propylene glycol (PG) without any dispersants as a salt-free medium, we measure the electrical conductivities of 20, 40, and 60 nm diameter ZnO nanoparticle dispersions up to 7% volume fraction, applying Ohshima's model to determine the limiting ionic conductance of the system. Nanofluid preparation and characterization Nanofluid preparation Nanodiamondwater nanofluids were prepared and estimated the thermal conductivity, viscosity and also estimated their potential use in heat transfer applications. The statistical and graphical results showed that the proposed models are more precise and reliable than the existing ones in literature. 0000087536 00000 n Complex Coolant Fluid for PEM Fuel However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. %%EOF The peak near 1630cm1 represents the OH bending of physically adsorbed water and the hydrogen, Since the literature does not report for the thermal conductivity ratios of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W nanofluids, in Fig.
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