direct rule in tanganyika direct rule in tanganyika
After this, the League of Nations formalised the UK's control of the area, who renamed it "Tanganyika". . is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings In northern Nigeria and in Buganda there were long-established and powerful chieftainships. Berman, German Colonialism Revisited: African, Asian, and Oceanic Experiences (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2014) page 114, East African Common Services Organisation, "Faith and Development in Focus, Tanzania", "Tanganyika: The Realities of Independence", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanganyika_Territory&oldid=1152683311, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 17:36. The name of the territory was taken from the large lake in its west. These companies also taxed the Africans in the form of rubber, ivory, food or cash. So, it can be said that the principal controls the agent. The social prerequisite of direct rule was rather drastic. While he certainly did not want political power in the hands of settlers, he took steps to encourage them. Those whose harvest was poor were also punished since it was felt that they had not put in enough effort. Print publication year: 1969. Jackson, Robert H. In these circumstances the Africans reverted to their old social systems and their old form of subsistence farming. Many of the indigenous people had been turned into poorly paid laborers who also had to pay taxes. The British always recognized that sooner or later they would be threatened by a class of educated Africans. This would have undermined the entire basis of Tanganyika independence. TANU installed a deep-rooted fear within the African population that the colonialists might still rule or have influence, even after independence. Another major change, which was the direct result of the war, was the United Nations Trusteeship to replace the former League Mandate. An official majority was retained. The British, like the other colonial powers on the continent, believed that Africans would take a very long time to mature and be able to govern themselves. During assimilation, blacks were to meet the following conditions. The IBEA Company was interested in trading, rather than administration. Similarly, liberal labour legislation had not been properly implemented. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? This data will be updated every 24 hours. The architect of the system, in West Africa, was Lord Lugard. In the aftermath of rebellion an imaginative Governor, Freiherr von rechenberg, initiated a programme of African cash-crop agriculture. The Germans used direct rule in order to maximumly exploit the resources of Tanganyika. j) It brought manufactured goods some of which could not be produced locally. The Africans in Mozambique protested against the Portuguese. To save content items to your account, (p. x). (pp. p) Development within the colonies was not balanced or uniform. What was true of indirect control? ",#(7),01444'9=82. Likewise, the Germans in Tanganyika used direct rule as their system of administration. It was mainly such grievances that led to the outbreak of the Maji Maji Rebellion in 1905. b) Some traditional political institutions were destroyed and replaced with foreign ones. It had limited self-rule. Find out more about saving content to . Nellis 1972: 18696). Tanganyika Under German Rule 1905-1912. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Abandon African culture and take up French culture. The majority of the voters in Tanganyika were African, approximately two-thirds of the 28,500 registered voters,[11] with them coming from across the country. Large pieces of African land were taken by foreign companies who then exploited minerals and tree products and sold them at a profit to European countries. For example, TANU, discussed and promoted fears that the colonial state had attempted to give a disproportionate amount of power to the European and Asian minority groups living within Tanganyika. The Registrar could thus decide the size of societies, and employ a cadre of inspectors and auditors to ensure that the societies were run in the interests of their members (pp. Click here to navigate to parent product. After the Colonial Office in London assumed the League of Nations Mandate over Tanganyika in 1919, Governor Horace Byatt set forth the general outlines of British administrative policy in Tanganyika. 3099067. [London? 1985. It led to a reappraisal of German policy in East Africa. Tanganyika, historical eastern African state that in 1964 merged with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, later renamed the United Republic of Tanzania. Direct Rule This was a colonial system of administration whereby the colonies were governed by Europeans officials at the top position. Uganda, Cameroon, and Tanganyika ? The destabilizing conflicts that bordered Tanganyika meant that refugees from the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda often flooded into Tanganyika. Corrections? Under the terms of the trusteeship agreement, Britain was called upon to develop the political life of the territory, which, however, only gradually began to take shape in the 1950s. The Portuguese colonized Mozambique for about 500 years before it was able to regain its independence. However, the party became redundant as it was clear that Nyerere and TANU were going to win the battle over Tanganyikan independence. They had made money in their own countries and wanted to invest it in other continents. 1996. The evidence suggests that it was, almost totally, ineffective. Thesis submitted for the fellowship of the Library Association, London, November 1987. The Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association, the first African co-operative, was established before Cameron arrivedand was made possible by Charles Dundas, the first of two Secretaries for Native Affairs who served under Cameron (the second was Philip Mitchell, later Governor of Uganda and Kenya) (Dundas 1955: 1238). We can see this process at work by examining Camerons attitude to the various problems with which he dealt. [2], The area that made up Tanganyika was commonly visited by Arabic traders who would come to the area to buy slaves and ivory. Lugard expected the co-operatives in Africa to avoid politics: It will go far to disarm misgivings and assure support for the co-operative movement that Mr. Strickland is able to tell us that in no country whateverwith the exception of Great Britainhas this movement taken part in politics or agitation. Features of Indirect Rule 1. Breadcrumbs Section. g) The African people developed the desire to control their own future and worked towards achieving justice and equality. to preserve African political institutions. They were allowed to vote and to elect one Deputy (similar to a Member of Parliament) to the National Assembly in Paris. It became a republic a year later. Sir Donald Cameron, Governor of Tanganyika from 192531, has reflected on his policy of indirect rule as a practical way to "administer the people through the instrument of their own indigenous institutions." Nganang, Alain Patrice., Klaus. The illiterate and very conservative agricultural majority is apt to regard with some distrust the trousered and Europeanized African as a townsman ignorant of the things that matter most. Work in connection with co-operative societies will, as Mr. Strickland points out, create new openings for the educated African. Speitkamp 2005 is a condensed, easily readable general introduction, whereas Conrad 2012 is based on an up-to-date transnational history approach. He has drawn on a wide range of sources, both in East Africa and Germany. One of Nyereres more important works was a paper called Ujamaathe Basis for African Socialism, which later served as the philosophical basis for the Arusha Declaration of 1967. ), Lugard, despite his blimpish paternalism and racialism, criticized earlier British policy, argued for accelerated promotion of African administrators (p. 88), and even gave qualified praise to the Pan-African Congress of 1919 (p. 83). e) Africans lost large tracts of their land to the European settlers. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. INDIRECT RULE In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a mandate from the League of Nations. An example of indirect control is a registered owner who holds shares on behalf of the true owner. By 1905, the Germans had felt confident that their policies and activities had become very successful. The "tribal" system of indirect rule probably created more problems in Njombe District and throughout Tanganyika than it solved. Sir Donald Cameron, assuming the governorship in 1925, instituted "little change" in Byatt's administrative system, although he accelerated the process and considerably escalated the rhetoric of indirect rule. [3] Trade caravans began venturing further into the continent, connecting the coast and the interior together. From 1946, it was administered by the UK as a United Nations trust territory. Online publication date: August 2010. In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as Tanganyika. In the 1920s and early 1930s there were British politicians and officials who argued that this could be achieved through co-operatives, which they saw as a logical extension of indirect rule. The British, like the other colonial powers on the continent, believed that Africans would take a very long time to mature and be able to govern themselves. W. Morris-Hale, British Administration in Tanganyika from 1920 to 1945 (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Geneva, 1969), p. 284. officer in North-West Tanganyika, engaged upon researches along the same line, though in his case the Hamitic dynasty was less advanced and the survival of the basic organization probably more vigorous. The British were therefore forced to use local people, leading to the adoption of Indirect Rule. Then enter the name part Tanganyika in 1912 was poised for that struggle for control between European settler and educated African which has been a fundamental theme of the modern history of East and Central Africa. What are the benefits of indirect rule versus direct rule? In some areas, Islam became adopted by the native peoples such as the Yao in the south of the country. > ( Direct rule sends their own officials to rule, impose on the culture, and use the land for their own colonies. Since most of the plantations and estates had been confiscated as German property, and had fallen into disrepair, initially there was little alternative but to encourage peasant production (Iliffe 1979: 2623; Bates 1957: 4375). They felt that to be more developed; they wanted to protect the rest of the world from harmful practices. The rebellion was put down only after the intervention of the imperial German government and with the assistance of the British navy. It seeks to promote human dignity, equality, peace, and genuine security. This policy of indirect rule left local political arrangements and traditions largely intact. What is the difference between direct and indirect rule? It was officially acknowledged by the 1950's that indirect rule had outlived its usefulness, especially in those numerous cases where "the concept of a chief was absent". $.' 94 They then started building houses and providing social services like health and education to their employees. Get access. The first two African members had been nominated to the Legislative Council in December 1945. Indirect rule focused on ruling through some cooperating native ruler or rulers who profit from the relationship. Usage data cannot currently be displayed. Africans were forced to collect rubber from the forests and deliver it to European companies. The country held its first elections in 1958 and 1959. This is a temptation for the economically weak: a not dissimilar criticism has been made of President Nyerere after 1967 (e.g. To resolve this, it became necessary to share out the continent amicably amongst the various European countries. Lugards imperialist philosophy was propagated through his book. Lugard himself argued this position, in the foreword to C. F. Stricklands book Co-operation for Africa, already referred to in Chapter 8: The fundamental principle of the [co-operative] system is identical with that of Indirect Rulewhich could be better named Cooperative Rulethe essential aim of both being to teach personal responsibility and initiative (Lugard 1933: vii). Cameron is often credited with fending off the movement for closer union, or federation, with Kenya and Uganda which seemed likely to occur when he arrived in 1925, and which would have allowed Tanganyika to be dominated by the settlers who already controlled the Kenyan state. 1993. The British had controlled most of the land area since 1917, and Sir Horace Byatt, who headed the civilian administration during the war, became the first British Governor in 1920. But sitting behind them were the British Provincial and District Commissioners. These decrees were made by the Minister of Colonies in charge of all French colonies. The French established what they called four communes of Senegal - St. Louis, Dakar, Goree and Rufisque. Hanzawa, Takamaro It was officially acknowledged by the 1950's that indirect rule had outlived its usefulness, especially in those numerous cases where "the concept of a chief was absent". There were, in large areas of the country, many small chiefdoms which, at times, in the past had paid tribute to overlords such as Mirambo or Mkwawa, but also claimed an independence of their own, and had broken free during the German conquest and rinderpest outbreaks of the 1890s. Most of Senegalese were Muslims and it was not easy for them to be converted to Christians. Direct central authority has power over the country; Indirect system in which a central authority has power over country, but local government maintains little say and authority. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Portugal also used it in Mozambique and Angola in the employment of "Degradados" . The British also pursued an anti-German policy which was led by the head official in Tanganyika, Sir Horace Bryatt. In return, they were promised equal status socially, economically and politically as the other French citizens. Byatts first concern was to repair the infrastructure damaged during the war, and to start collecting taxes. A Land Ordinance (1923) ensured that African land rights were secure. In 1890, the Germans and the British met and drew up the boundaries between the British areas and the German Territory of Tanganyika. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Full text views reflects the number of PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views for chapters in this book. From 1895, onwards, exploitation of wild rubber was the main activity. Various names were considered, including "Smutsland" in honour of General Jan Smuts (denied for being "inelegant"), "Eburnea," "New Maryland," "Windsorland" after the British Royal Family's new family name, and "Victoria" after both the Lake and the Queen. Before World War I, Tanganyika formed part of the German colony of German East Africa. He had seen from his experience in Nigeria that the West African or Ugandan system of exploitationi.e. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Sir Donald Cameron, Governor from 19251931, was influenced by Lord Frederick Lugard, the ideologist of indirect rule, administration by chiefs approved by the colonial government. Sanderson, G. N. He reorganized the system of native administration by the Native Authority Ordinance (1926) and the Native Courts Ordinance (1929). Moreover many chiefs had been killed or banished by the Germans. which important decision-making powers are delegated to the weaker. In an important advance in 1955, the three groups were given parity of representation on the unofficial side of the council with 10 nominated members each, and for a time it seemed as if this basis would persist. system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. It began to break down in the 1930s as soon as the British tried to use the chiefs to enforce unpopular agricultural measures, a process that was continued, as we have seen in Chapter 7, in the 1950s. This view, however, is generous to Cameron, and unjust to Byatt, under whose administration most of what is commonly attributed to Cameron was begun. There are a number of excellent overviews that focus on different aspects of German colonialism. In short, it was a transparent attempt to disguise the reality of foreign rule. During World War I, Britain captured the German holdings, which became a British mandate (1920) under the name Tanganyika Territory. Online ISBN: 9780511759635. Article 2 of the Covenant with the League of Nations, reproduced in, Indirect rule is identified with Lord Lugard, Governor of Nigeria 191219, although its roots can be traced back to British administration in India in the eighteenth century. Social Justice (Lugard, 4th edn. They wanted to make Africans one of their overseas provinces. This changing outlook constitutes in my view one of the major problems of Africa today. Mhlhahn, and Nina. He admirably described the system as one of indirect rule by the chiefs through the sub-chiefs, who are little more than liaison officers Under the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920), Britain received a League of Nations mandate to administer the territory except for Ruanda-Urundi, which came under Belgian administration, and the Kionga triangle, which went to Portugal (see Quionga). Omissions? Chiefs were expected to do what the British told them, and those who took too independent a line were replaced, regardless of the legitimacy of their claims to be chiefs. For, as we saw in Chapter 8, after 1932 the colonial government refused to treat seriously African co-operatives that were not directly controlled by chiefs or expatriates. and Of the many thousands of societies known to him in India only one assumed a political attitude by adopting Non-Co-operation, and thereby ceased to exist. Indirect rule is a weaker form of government, because it allows some of the local people under appointment to make decisions regarding the codification of the law. Britain needed a new name to replace "Deutsch Ostafrika" or "German East Africa". As Sir Donald Cameron, governor of Tanganyika, wrote soon after arriving at his post, "It is our duty to do everything in our power to develop the . It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. The assimilated blacks enjoyed the following rights: The policy of assimilation failed and was replaced with the policy of association. Indirect rule, This was not a colony, but a business empire or organization run by him. Book summary views reflect the number of visits to the book and chapter landing pages. This struggle to control parts of Africa by European nations was known as the Scramble for Africa. They undermined the Muslim cultures, for example the German administrators would enter the mosques with dogs, moreover during the holy month of Ramadan. In 1923, Philip Mitchell, at that time District Officer in Tanga, decided to run the Tanga government office entirely with African staff. This was pointed out by the Permanent Mandates Commission, but the British made no effort to change the policy (Leubuscher 1944). A case can therefore be made against Cameron that, while he was well-intentioned, and in some ways politically enlightened, when it came to economics he was uninterested: he put his faith in a utopian political philosophy, and hoped that economics would look after itself. 1988 concentrates on the early years . The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of World War II after which it was held as a United Nations trust territory. Indirect control means any situation where one person is in a position to act through another person over whom the first person has control due to the legal or economic relationship between the two. intensified during the British rule (Conte, 1996). Forster, et al. At the outbreak of World War II, Tanganyikas main task was to make itself as independent as possible of imported goods. And he also insisted on close government control in the form of a Registrar with the power to set up societies and if need be to liquidate any which do not obey the rules. To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org It examines a colonial situation in depth, ranging from the processes of change in African societies to the decisions of policy-makers in Berlin. This railroad is still in use today and has since been connected to other railways across the country. The intelligentsia have the opportunity in this era of transition and adaptation to be of inestimable service to their country, or to clog the wheels of progress by causing racial animosities and preaching doctrines as yet impossible of realisation. It involved the comprehensive sway of market institutions: the appropriation of land, destruction . The British rule in Kenya started in 1888 when the IBEA Company obtained a Royal Charter to establish colonial administration in the East African region. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). On the surface, the mandate was clearly intended to be temporaryfor peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world1and the country was to be developed and governed in the interests of its African inhabitants. The enforcement of German overlordship was strongly resisted, but control was established by the beginning of the 20th century. In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a mandate from the League of Nations. But as education spreads, the influence of the Europeanized native and of the press which he owns and controls and reads to village audiences tends to increase, and the peasant population becomes politically-mindeda phase already reached in India, and already becoming visible in Africa. In any case the amount of real power held by the chiefs was never greatthe expatriate Provincial Commissioners and District Commissioners were always at their side. This was welcomed by the small political class of Tanganyika as an object . Constitutionally, the most important immediate postwar development was the British governments decision to place Tanganyika under United Nations trusteeship (1947). What is the difference between indirect rule and assimilation? n) People started adopting new vices like greed, bribery and corruption. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. entity. At the coast they used direct rule. The French citizens were only found in the four communes. African people were treated badly. The British in the colony had a Legislative Council (LegCo) which was established in 1906 and made all the laws that governed the colony. [1], The name was chosen by the British with the Treaty of Versailles, and as such the name took effect when Britain was given control of Tanganyika in 1920. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. d) Many followers of traditional religion were converted into Christianity. b) Modern health facilities, formal education and other social services were introduced ninto the country. Select 7 - The collapse of the local compromise, Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511759635. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Once Britain took control of the colony, they wished it to be a "Black man's country". This meant that they appointed officers for their countries to rule on behalf of the home country. One of the most careful studies of the period describes Cameron as a professional bureaucrat fighting to preserve the structure that had nurtured himin other words to create an impression of indirect rule while leaving the real power with the British (Austen 1968: 152). Later, Europeans began to argue that they were more evolved than the Africans, and so they were more superior to the Africans. 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German rule in Tanganyika always had a strong military flavor, and was based on the permanent presence of German-led African forces. By engaging in such work he will no longer deprive the countryside of the mediation which he might provide between the old dispensation and the new (pp. Direct rule was the form/ type of colonial administrative system applied by the Germans where by Africans were ruled directly without local rulers support. [14] TANU gained most of its political support through national issues. Assimilation Policy The search by British administrators for the legitimate chief was often fruitless; or if such a person was found, he might be uneducated and opposed to much of what they were trying to implement; in such cases the British found ways of amalgamating the chieftainships, or they simply deposed the legitimate rulers and replaced them with nominees of their own, preferably young, educated, and easy to influence.