bidjigal and gadigal land bidjigal and gadigal land
To the north-west of Parramatta, about two hours walking distance from the Hawkesbury River (Phillip in Hunter 1793). Anthropologist Val Attenbrow discusses their possible origin and location, and concludes that the question is "somewhat vexed". Pemulwuy (a name derived from bimul, meaning 'earth') was a leader of the Bidjigal. Eora means here or from this place. Many artists and performers have been supported and encouraged by Aboriginal organisations. Aboriginal history research work is ongoing and the Barani website is constantly growing resource. The Bidjigal and Gadigal people were coastal dwelling clans and they were dependent on the harbour and ocean for providing food. History, every history student learns, is written by the victors. Much of what we know of the Eora between 1770-1850 has come from these early drawings and texts. Wallumede. Jacarandas, the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney (2018) by Destination NSWOriginal Source: Destination NSW Content. He was described as being 'of good stature, stoutly made', with a 'bold, intrepid countenance' at the time of his capture. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. NAIDOC (National Aboriginal and Islander Day of Celebration)celebrates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history, culture and achievements and is an opportunity to recognise the contributions that indigenouspeople make to our country and society. Footer. And Redfern - Gadigal land belonging to the Eora nation - is the heart of the Harbour City's urban Aboriginal community. [34] The rock overhangs and caves provided shelter, freshwater provided the opportunity for fishing, and the plants and animals were utilised for food, medicine and creating tools. Cadigal people | The Dictionary of Sydney Visiting Tribal Lands | Visit Arizona The Gadigal People are the knowledge holders of this Country, understanding the history, culture, ecology, stories and songlines of this unique region. A: Level 2, 6-8 Crewe Place, Rosebery NSW 2018. Definition of Bidjigal in the Definitions.net dictionary. This is a significant day for Torres Strait Islanders, who are predominantly of Christian faith. The presence of objects such as weapons indicate the area was a site of conflict, marking a high probability of death occurring on the site. Aboriginal culture & customs - Randwick City Council He travelled to Norfolk Island, Nootka Sound (Vancouver) and Hawaii, where King Kamehameha offered to buy him. There they breed,laymillions ofeggs andthen die. Here we see a glimpse into Aboriginal life before dispossession resulting from British occupation in 1788. During this time, the Eora were also documented. Meanings for Bidjigal A wide range of reserve area is located in New South Wales, Australia. Bring your swimming costume too! In this way the country was divided into small parts of land by the different language groups, tribes or nations. Laura Cameron Photography | Sydney It's that easy! Cdi, the bay of Cadi, is probably Kutti which is the Aboriginal place name for Watsons Bay. Aboriginal people had a different language depending on the area where they lived. Much of the reservation land is open range, and small herds of sheep, goats, cattle and horses move freely along and across roads. The Bidjigal (also spelt Bediagal,[1] Bejigal,[2] Bedegal[3] or Biddegal[4]) people are an Aboriginal Australian people whose traditional lands are modern-day western, north-western, south-eastern, and southern Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia. Plastic Free Coogee's (@plasticfreecoogee) profile on Instagram 76 posts The Bidjigal Reserve was known as Excelsior Park until 2004, when it was dedicated to preserve Aboriginal cultural heritage, local flora and fauna and for public recreation. Around Kamay, the name for Botany Bay, possibly to the north-west of Gwea (Anon ca 1790-1792). Renee Cawthorn Explores the Paper Bark Tree (2020) by Welcome to Country, Royal Botanic Garden SydneyWelcome to Country. You can opt for more formal wordings or very simple ones. One of the first major civil rights gatherings in Australia, it was known as the, Growing support for Aboriginal Rights saw the, In 1974, it was decided that the celebration of culture and awareness should extend over a week from the first Sunday in July, Development applications (DAs), modifications (s4.55) and reviews (8.2), Construction certificates and complying development certificates, Building, construction and development forms, Planning panel and statutory advertisements, View the Bayside Local Environmental Plan (LEP) 2021, Clean Up, Waste, Recycling & Drop Offs Calendar, A-Z Guide to Reuse, Recycle and Dispose Items, Swimming pool inspection and certification. Uluru Statement from the Heart Bayside Council supports the Uluru Statement from the Heart in line with it's REFLECT Reconciliation Action Plan. Whilst Sydneys indigenous community has requested repatriation of the skull of Pemulwuy, at present its whereabouts is unknown. Salt Pan Creek is an entry point to the ocean where the adult eels start their epic migratory journey north, occurring sometime between January and April. Banjul (UK: / b n d u l /, US: / b n d u l /), officially the City of Banjul, is the capital and fourth largest city of The Gambia.It is the centre of the eponymous administrative division which is home to an estimated 400,000 residents, making it The Gambia's largest and most densely populated metropolitan area.Banjul is on St Mary's Island (Banjul Island), where the . Pemulwuy was shot on 2 June 1802. [6] Led by Pemulwuy, the Bidjigal people resisted European colonisation from the First Fleet's arrival in 1788.[7]. Later, Nanbarre said Caregal was the mans name, and he lived at, or near Broken Bay (Phillip in Hunter 1793). [10] Norman Tindale, referring on the earliest historical sources, regarded them as a horde occupying the area just north of Castle Hill,[11] Their geographical location is confusing, as they seem to have been based in southern Sydney, in the region between the Cooks River, Wolli Creek and the Georges River to Salt Pan Creek, and yet also seem to have inhabited land in the Hills District of Sydney, in what is now Baulkham Hills. With the growing self-determination movement in the late 1960s, Aboriginal people created and managed their own learning opportunities and initiatives. ABOUT - Bondi Festival Join Renee as she shares some of the cultural significance of Sydney's native flora. [22][24], They were a subgroup/clan of either the Dharug or Eora people, the Bidjigal would have spoken a variety of Dharug, one of the Yora languages.[25]. On 29 April 1770, HMB Endeavour sailed into Botany Bay, in the country of the Gweagal and Bidjigal peoples of the Dharawal Eora nation, as part of Lieutenant James Cook's broader exploration of the Pacific. Access information for specific events and venues will be listed on individual event pages once the program has been announced. A word derived from Ee (yes) and ora (here, or this place), it revealed their deep connection to the land. This, in part, stems from the anthropological debate around whether the Eora people were a distinct clan, or whether Eora was a general term in colonial papers to refer to Aboriginal people. The people of the Eora Nation, their spirit and ancestors will always remain with our water ways and the land - our Mother Earth. The organisation requests members and clients update their contact details with the office, to assist the organisation reunite them with their families. Learning to speak English, he maintained ongoing relations with the colony and in a gesture of kinship, gave Phillip the Aboriginal name Wolawaree. It is customary for some Indigenous communities not to mention names or reproduce images associated with the recently deceased. [7] These are the oldest continuing cultures in the world. The Bidjigal and Gadigal people were coastal dwelling clans and they were dependent on the harbour and ocean for providing food. The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content. He regarded Bungaree as "a worthy and brave fellow" who saved the expedition on more than one occasion. Designations. An intro to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' connection to Aboriginal people had a different language depending on the area where they lived. Despite the destructive impact of first contact, Gadigal culture survived. [34][42], The Bidjigal clan were part of a conflict between Aboriginal elders and the Federal Government regarding the construction of the Sydney light rail following the discovery of Indigenous artefacts on the construction site. [26] The Bidjigal clan, like many of the Darug people, utilised their access to water for fishing, with fish being their main source of food. Samuel John Neeles 1804 engraving of Pimbloy is the only known image of Pemulwuy. Additionally, the tribal groups were divided into clans. He will be joined by the All Star Band; all past members of high-profile Australian bands including On The Prowl, and Ol'55. Mapping together documents from the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, and other generous institutions including the National Library of Australia, Canberra, the following chapters tell a story of Aboriginal lives and families after contact. A: 4/2 Central Place, Ropes Crossing. 30 Frances Street Randwick NSW 2031Australia. Training opportunities in Sydney have led to an extraordinary range of art practices, exhibitions, galleries and artists cooperatives. Provides support for pregnant Aboriginal women or Aboriginal mothers with children under 2 years from Camperdown Child & Family Health centre. Botany Bay, New South Wales | National Museum of Australia Acknowledgment of Country versus Welcome to Country The Bidjigal Reserve is a 186-hectare (460-acre) reserve in New South Wales, Australia.It lies predominantly within The Hills Shire, with a small section south of the M2 Motorway in the City of Parramatta.The reserve lies in the suburbs of North Rocks, Northmead, Baulkham Hills, Castle Hill, West Pennant Hills, and Carlingford.The reserve lies south of Richard Webb Reserve in West Pennant . In December 1795 Gnung-a Gnung-a was crippled by a spear in the back, thrown by Pemulwuy. Darug Clans | A History of Aboriginal Sydney Exclusion from traditional lands often led to violence and facilitated the severing of spiritual bonds to country. [53] He was the first Aboriginal man to appear on commercial TV and became an international recording artist. The Bidjigal People - Revesby Workers' Club The shellwork still blurs the line between art and artefact, and is now often part of museum exhibitions. Read . This is a story of the Eora, created through a close and innovative interrogation of the European records of early colonisation. Ghizil-Agaj State Reserve - Wikipedia It was a different country then. [18], In 2015 Bidjigal elder, artist and shellworker Esme Timbery collaborated with Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi artist Jonathan Jones on the seven-story shell art installation 'Shell Wall 2015' in Barangaroo. Gadigal and Bidjigal Land / Randwick, NSW. Reflecting Bidjigal Country at UNSW Alumni Park | WSP - WSPglobal Gadigal and Wangal Land / Glebe, NSW . [45] Bidjigal elders claimed that paid consultants were chosen over the traditional owners in consultation, and that the consultants had a vested interest in the construction going ahead. Committed to servicing Aboriginal people and the broader community. Our Weave sites stand on the land of the Gadigal and Bidjigal people, and Weave has been based in the Redfern Waterloo community for 45 years. He played a key role in Australia's early coastal exploration. Australia is home to over 250 unique and culturally diverse Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander language groups, defining Country. thematic essays that explore aspects of Sydneys Aboriginal history, amap that shows places that have historical associations for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, atimeline that highlights historical events that have occured in Sydney that are of importance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, biographies of significant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and organisations that have strong associations to Sydney, resources including books, films, images and websites. Running contrary to the notion that colonisation completely displaced Aboriginal people, this account gives testimony to a continuing Indigenous presence in Sydney. Natives of Botany Bay, 1789, is perhaps the first image of Australian Indigenous people published in England after the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. In 1955, Aborigines Day was moved to the first Sunday in July after it was decided that the day should become not just a protest but a celebration of Aboriginal culture. Bennelong stayed in the Sydney Cove for about six months, before escaping from the settlement and renewing contact with Phillip as a free man. National Sorry Day provides the opportunity for all Australians to be involved in activities to acknowledge the impact of the policies of forcible removal on Australia's Indigenous populations and, then, to celebrate the beginning of a new understanding. The eels significance is seen in the name of the city of Parramatta or Burramada in the Dharug language, translates as the place where the eel lies down- the place of the spirit of Burra the eel. Gadigal and Wangal people of the Eora nation | local notes Mobile Massage Therapist Jobs Near Me | Blys Coming of the Light 1 July.The Coming of the Light festival marks the day the London Missionary Society first arrived in Torres Strait introducing Christianity to the region. [34] The area was named Excelsior Reserve, and the flora and fauna suffered from the introduction of foreign wildlife, such as foxes, clearing of the land by settlers for construction projects, and wildfires. West - 1776. Accompanying Matthew Flinders on HMS Investigator between 1802-1803, Bungaree became known as the first Aboriginal man to circumnavigate the continent. For northern Sydney the term Guringai has been used, however, it was originally invented by a researcher in 1892 for this area and there is a Gringai clan in the Barrington River, Glouchester area who are requesting Sydneysiders to stop using their name. You could say "what a beautiful sunny day on Gadigal land" or "I had a refreshing dip in Bidjigal waters today". As most locals already know, the name Coogee is derived from a local Aboriginal word. rovides a low cost gym, swim centre open to all, learn to swim lessons, and support services for Aboriginal youth. Bringing to light the inaccuracies in early European documentation of the Eora, we now know that during this time only Aboriginal women used handlines when fishing from canoes. Arranged into four main sections (East, West, North and South), this story reflects the geographical location of the Eora clans (-gal) of Port Jackson and coastal Sydney. The Sydney Harbour Bridge is the largest steel arch bridge in the world, spanning 503m and connecting the CBD to the North Sydney. Equally famous is the Sydney Opera House, the UNESCO World Heritage listed building, designed by Danish architect Jrn Utzon, which opened in 1973. Possibly associated with Borogegy, now know as Bradleys Head. Everything has a story. [27][14] This includes Georges rivers, Cooks River, Salt Pan Creek, Wolli Creek and parts of the Hawkesbury River. Bring a picnic blanket and some snacks and get . The name Bidjigal means plains-dweller in the Dharug language. Council is committed to the principles of Reconciliation in the spirit of respect and understanding of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture, history and their experiences. Council created a vision statement for the Reflect Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP),through a series of workshops, with all RAP stakeholders. Cadigal. The abundance of food at these. The east was known as Cadigal country. While the Sydney suburb of Cammeray is named after the clan, its people were not only confined to that place. [59][60] The men have partaken in the wooden crafts, with members such as Joe Timbery being a notable boomerang and shield maker. Within this nation there were many different Bands (or clan groups), the Bidjigal and Gadigal people lived in and around the Coogee area. This was the discovery ship, HM Bark Endeavour. In Our Own Right Kerinne Jenkins They are part of the Dharug language group, and there is debate as to whether the clan is part of the Dharug or Eora people. The Blak Markets allow you to sample and buy the best Aboriginal culture without leaving Sydney. Associated with the suburb Cabramatta. This term has only appeared relatively recently and as yet no documented evidence has been provided to show it was used at the time of the First Fleet or before the late 1990s. Gweagal (Fire Clan) country covered the southern shore of Botany Bay at Kundul (Kurnell) and Kurunulla (Cronulla), extending to the Woronora River in the west and the Georges River to the south. Once in Australia, he was assigned, without salary, to the Department of Public Works. The eelis seen as an especially importantnutrient for expectant mothers and for the ill and elderlyandis held in high regard by Aboriginal people as a significant food source. Bayside Council supports the Uluru Statement from the Heart in line with it's REFLECT Reconciliation Action Plan. Lane Cove, Throughout his life, he served as an interlocutor between the Eora and the British, both in Sydney and the United Kingdom. Ghzil-Aghaj State Reserve ( Azerbaijani: Qzlaac dvlt qoruu ), meaning golden tree, was established on July 3, 1929, by the Committee on Protection of the Ancient and Art Monuments of Azerbaijan on an area of 884 km on Kyzylagach Bay at the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, in Lankaran District, southeastern . Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders | Bayside Council Sydney Harbour is at the heart of the city. Marking two significant events: the 1967 Referendum (27 May 1967); and the Mabo decision (3 June 1992). Blys is located on the traditional lands of the Bidjigal people and Gadigal people of the Eora nation. Wirringa Baiya Aboriginal Womens Legal Centre, A: Addison Road Community Centre Building 13, 142 Addison Road Marrickville NSW 2204. Laura Cameron Photography acknowledges she works on Bidjigal and Gadigal land, and pays respects to Elders past, present and emerging. In an historic judgement delivered on 3 June 1992 the High Court, accepted the land claims from Eddie Mabo and the other claimants overturning the notion that Australia was. Note: The NAIDOC Week Family Fun Day on Wednesday 6 July has been relocated from Depena Reserve, Dolls Point to AS Tanner Reserve, Monterey due to the inclement weather. To spend time with Aunty Margret orMuughi isto understand the living wisdom and relevance of her ancestor's blueprint and the ways the Dreamtime continues to shape and influence belonging to the land. Wallumede was on the north shore, opposite Warrane (Sydney Cove) (King in Hunter 1793). 2014.[65]. [33], Despite their resistance, several factors resulted in their displacement and the destruction of their ability to continue many aspects of their traditional way of life. Discover the significance of these waterways to the Gadigal peoples. Welcome to Country Ceremony [34] In 2004, an agreement was reached between the Indigenous population and the local council, whereby representatives of Darug descendants were included on a new board, and the park was renamed from Excelsior Reserve to Bidjigal, and the Native Title claim over the area was withdrawn. Cadigal people Ethnic group Aboriginal clan who lived on the southern shore of Sydney Harbour from inner South Head, along the shores of the present Eastern Suburbs to Darling Harbour. Provides Aboriginal people with support to locate kin, especially due to Stolen Generations removals in the past. Press the link to read the Uluru Statement from the Heart. The Sanctuary . Wau-maille [War-mul] which the Cannemegal was said to inhabit was one of eight place names in the district of Rose Hill which was 10 minutes walk westward from Rose Hill (Anon ca 1790 1792). Parramatta River along with the Cooks and Georges Rivers are several major rivers in the Sydney basin that form migratory paths for the eels: where the freshwater creeks and rivers merge with the saltwater. NCIE is a not-for-profit social enterprise building solid foundations and solid futures for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Salt Pan Creek is an entry point to the oceanwhere the adult eelsstart their epic migratory journeynorth,occurring sometimebetween January and April. [47], The name of the Bidjigal is today remembered by the name of the 186-hectare (460-acre) Bidjigal Reserve, in Baulkham Hills, Castle Hill, Carlingford, North Rocks and Northmead to the north-west of Sydney. Walking together, we will begin our healing journey through truth-telling, listening, acknowledging the past, and embracing our rich cultural history. WHY EVENTS MUST ALWAYS HOST WELCOME TO COUNTRY - The Lucy Bloom The Gadigal had an incredible respect for the land and waters surrounding them, acknowledging the resources it provided. Gadigal Country: The Hidden History & Culture of Sydney They lived here in the place we call Sydney, now a city of over 4 million people. A note from Lucy Bloom: I acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which I live and work - the Bidjigal and Gadigal of the Eora Nation. [6] There was a strong Aboriginal resistance to colonisation. Music, dance and theatreare an important means of cultural, political and spiritual expression for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Add a meaning Wiki content for Bidjigal Bidjigal Bidjigal Reserve Add Bidjigal details Synonyms for Bidjigal Add synonyms Antonyms for Bidjigal Add antonyms Examples of Bidjigal in a sentence Add a sentence Translations of Bidjigal Add a translation Continue your journey learning about Aboriginal culture with Welcome to Country. Stories from the Garden - The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney historical and cultural events on our news page. [55], Esme Timbery is a Bidjigal woman and elder. Men are the warriors, gatekeepers and protectors, while women are storytellers and nurturers. [44] Transport for NSW employed four Aboriginal groups to advise on cultural heritage following the discovery. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are the first people of this land. TheGadigalPeople of theEora Nation(Eorameaning here or from this place) are the Traditional Owners and knowledge holders of the land now called Sydney - Australia's largest both in size and population. One of the first major civil rights gatherings in Australia, it was known as the Day of Mourning. The Gadigal are coastal people who were previously dependent on the harbour for providing most of their food whilst they were living in their traditional lands. Contact us +61 2 9699 6066; mail@welshmajor.com; For role inquiries: hr@welshmajor.com. [35][36][37][34] Debate remains around whether or not the disease was smallpox or chickenpox, and whether it was brought deliberately by European colonists. Bungaree (c. 1775-1830) was an Eora man from Broken Bay, north of Sydney. Eora - Mapping Aboriginal Sydney 1770-1850 - State Library of NSW The Eora of coastal Sydney were overwhelmed by the shocking influx of new arrivals, many taken by smallpox within the first two years of contact with the Europeans. Children's Day, and the week leading up to it, is a time for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families to celebrate the strengths and culture of their children. Gadigal Land / The Rocks, Sydney, NSW. [55][57] They continue to tell their family story of the invasion, which tells that they gained some level of trust from the colonisers, turning into responsibility for certain members of the family such as Joe Timbere, who was designated 'King of the Five Islands' by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1816. Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House (2010) by Tourism Australia/Grainger FilmsOriginal Source: Tourism Australia Video Gallery. Bayside Council acknowledges the Traditional custodians the Gadigal/Bidjigal people of the Eora Nation. [52], William Victor Simms, known as Vic Simms or Uncle Vic, is a Bidjigal man and Australian singer and songwriter. Dr Val Attenbrow provides the clearest review of names and their associated spellings and re-orded or presumed location. Kay-yee-my, the place where the Governor was wounded Manly Cove (Phillip in Hunter 1793); Kay-ye-my, Manly Bay (Anon ca 1790-1792). Phoenix, AZ Land for Sale -- Acerage, Cheap Land & Lots for Sale - Redfin [54], The Timbery family are said to have been present when the First Fleet arrived, and are descendents of Pemulwuy. Gumbramorra Swamp Following European settlement, Marrickville was a place where runaway convicts could easily hide out in the bush or disappear quietly into the Gumbramorra swamp, which was a natural boundary between Marrickville . I pay my respects to them and their cultures; and to elders past, present and emerging. For the people living around the estuaries, it was a time of great feasting and clans travelledfrom far away tocelebrate, conduct ceremonyandshare the eels. Meaning of Bidjigal. Based on Bidjigal and Gadigal land in Sydney, we acknowledge that sovereignty was never ceded and uphold values of solidarity as we live and write on the lands and waterways of First Nations people. Eora is also commonly used for Sydney. Clan names chart - The Australian Museum However, there are various ways of spelling the names and different names can be found referring to the same group. I recognise their continuing connection to land, water and community. The Bidjigal (also spelt Bediagal, [1] Bejigal, [2] Bedegal [3] or Biddegal [4]) people are an Aboriginal Australian people whose traditional lands are modern-day western, north-western, south-eastern, and southern Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia. Meet Aunty Margret Campbell (2020) by Welcome to Country, Dreamtime Southern XOriginal Source: Welcome to Country: The Rocks Aboriginal Dreaming Tour. Coogee and the Bidjigal and Gadigal People, Archived Integrated Planning & Reporting documents, Online property, certificate and payment services, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander overview, Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander programs, Section 10.7 certificates & other property searches. [34][41] The Bidjigal clan have inhabited the area for at least 40 000 years. He returned in 1795 and died at Kissing Point, in Sydney's North West suburb of Putney, on 3 January 1813. Education and schoolingnurtured and empowered Aboriginal people living in Sydney in the 20th century. Their eyes enlarge, their eye pigments change, their pectoral fins grow larger and they lay down fat reserves in readiness for their long ocean voyage. Commemorating the Stolen Generation. [15][16] Smoking ceremonies are part of many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clan's cultures, and are a means of cleansing people and places of bad spirits to protect from the dangerous powers of spiritual beings. [38] Nonetheless, the deaths decimated population size. Wangal territory began at Memel (Goat Island), rounded the Balmain peninsula and ran west along the south shore of the Parramatta River, almost to Parramatta, home of the Burramattagal (Eel Place Clan). As the land was freehold it became a refuge for Aboriginal people from other places, escaping the Aboriginal Protection Board control and much of the early discussions about social change and political action arose from here. Clustered around the harbour are some of Australias most iconic attractions, the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Harbour Bridge, and theRoyal Botanic Gardenson the city foreshore. This migration is commonly known as therunning of theeels. [27] Archaeological evidence has also indicated different tools and weapons were used for hunting local wildlife on land, such as boomerangs. Strathfield, "Aboriginal people of the Cooks River valley | The Dictionary of Sydney", "Search | Indigenous Strategy, Education & Research", "The Eora Dilemma | Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation", "Coogee and the Bidjigal and Gadigal People", "Shellwork on show: Colonial history, Australian Aboriginal women and the display of decorative objects", "Illuminating tradition: 'Shimmer' at Wollongong", "Discover the first public art piece to be commissioned for Barangaroo a work which draws on a strong connection to Country", "Koojay Corroboree: Celebrating Aboriginal ceremony, tradition & culture", "Untangling Aboriginal resistance and the settler punitive expedition: the Hawkesbury River frontier in New South Wales, 17941810", "Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment", "International Reserves and Reserve Currencies", "Was Sydney's smallpox outbreak of 1789 an act of biological warfare against Aboriginal tribes?
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