key elements of a community health assessment key elements of a community health assessment
As discussed later in this section, recommendations can also establish a foundation for monitoring, and the results of the monitoring may indicate that the management strategies need to be adapted to respond to the observed outcomesa process known as adaptive management (Johnson 1999). Sources: Veerman et al. Some decisions to conduct HIA may depend on a specific statutory requirement or mandated procedure. It is informed by a review of U.S. and international HIA literature and guidelines (see Appendixes A and E) and by the experience of committee members and others who provided input during the committee process. 2006; World Bank 2010). It develops the scope of health effects for analysis through systematic consideration of all factors associated with the proposed action that have a potential to influence health, and it narrows the scope to effects that are judged most important for health. Making recommendations is a well-accepted part of HIA practice, but relatively little attention has been paid to how they should be formulated. Consequently, the committee concludes that the lack of attention to evaluation is a barrier that will need to be overcome if HIA practice is to be advanced in the United States. Given the broad scope of HIA practice settings, applications, and data sources, the committee chose not to develop specific standards or criteria for what constitutes adequate evidence or analysis for HIA. Throughout the document recommendations and thoughts from community members' . The role of adaptive management as an operational approach for resource management agencies. 2023 by the American Hospital Association. A description of the research questions, data sources, methods to be used, and any alternatives to be assessed. 2006; Jagannathan et al. Bhatia R, Wernham A. HIV-AIDS infection risk associated with oil-pipeline construction. Since there are different models to guide assessment and planning, as well as a variety of organizations and agencies that carry out these activities, there may be confusion in choosing among approaches. Second, it allows findings to be reviewed and improved. Health impact assessment: A tool for healthy public policy. The diversity of practice owes partly to the fact that HIAs are undertaken for a wide array of policy-making that spans many sectors, levels of government, types of proposal (policies, plans, programs, and projects), and degrees of complexity. The research was funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation as an initiative with the potential to encourage long-term strategies and partnerships to strengthen families and communities. Different HIA guides vary somewhat as to the specific descriptors that should be used, and practice is highly variable. Comprehensive HIAs are most commonly differentiated from rapid and intermediate HIAs by the scope of potential impacts and the need for collection of new primary data. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement. This chapter describes the types, structure, and content of HIAs and summarizes the HIA process, methodologic approaches, and variations in practice. To request permission to reproduce AHA content, please, https://www.chausa.org/communitybenefit/assessing-and-addressing-community-health-needs, Step 5: Prioritize Community Health Issues, Association for Community Health Improvement (ACHI). The HIA team needed an authoritative description on which to base its assessment. There are six elements that make up a health assessment. Ultimately, regardless of the specific tool used, the decision to conduct HIA in most cases relies on the practitioners or decision-makers judgment regarding the likelihood of impacts, the time and resources available, and the likelihood that the information produced by the HIA will be a valuable aid to decision-making. Red Dog Mine Extension Aqqaluk Project. New surveys to address data gaps or questions specific to the proposal in question are also common in comprehensive HIAs. Special thanks to the Community Guide Branch, CDC, the Community Preventive Services Task Force, and the Public Health Foundation for their support. It identified which areas and villages were most likely to be affected and when. Because the degree to which the proposed action affects public health or safety is one factor considered, this process could be considered the equivalent of the screening step of an HIA. HIA is meant to assist decision-makers, so although the act of reporting is a formal step in the HIA process, it is also in the interest of decision-makers and the HIA team to keep in constant communication throughout the HIA process so that emerging results can be incorporated into the policy, plan, program, or project. Across the field, there is little uniformity in the content of written HIA reports. Cancer risk and changes in life expectancy associated with tobacco taxes. Integrating human health into environmental impact assessment: An unrealized opportunity for environmental health and justice. Conversely, to have the greatest relevance as an informational and planning document and to ensure judicious use of resources, the HIA should ultimately focus on the health effects of greatest potential importance. Rapid HIAs may be completed in a short time (weeks to months), are often focused on smaller and less complex proposals, and generally involve primarily literature review and descriptive or qualitative analysis. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Utilizing Community Health Needs Assessments (CHNAs) in Nonprofit Hospitals to Guide Population-Centered Outcomes Research for Pediatric Patients: New Recommendations for CHNA Reporting. However, the committee notes that no published studies in the United States have attempted to quantify the costs of undertaking an HIA across a variety of settings. 98224-MS. SPE International Health, Safety & Environment Conference; 24 April 2006; Abu Dhabi, UAE. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. 2009). Scoping should therefore entail a deliberative process that involves engagement of stakeholders. It identifies a baseline that describes the health status of populations that will be affected by the decision. A variety of information was used to inform the process, Scoping: Atlanta BeltLine HIA. Box 3-2 provides an example of scoping for the HIA of a proposed development in Atlanta. The final HIA report describes each factor (see below) and presents the results of the scoping. Given the volume and breadth of decisions at the local, state, tribal, and federal levels that can potentially affect health in some way, one of the challenges for HIA practice is to determine which proposals to screen. Past Projects: Vehicle Miles Traveled Legislation. By examining the various components of the different assessment and planning models, we are able to identify areas for coordination, ways to maximize collaboration, and strategies to further improve community health. In other cases, the initial scope is generated by stakeholders and then refined through research and input from advisory or steering committees. The Crossings is a proposed housing development in Los Angeles that will provide 450 units in a newly rezoned residential area that needs affordable housing. More structured approaches have also been used. A description of the HIAs impact on decision-making (to the extent that salient decisions have occurred by that time) as measured by an accounting of HIA recommendations that were adopted and an evaluation of available evidence that suggests whether and how the HIA played a role in decisions or contributed to changes in decision-makers knowledge, attitudes, or positions. DHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Reporting: Legislation on Paid Sick Days. Scoping identifies those likely to be affected by the proposed policy, project, program, or plan. Some have suggested that evaluation should be considered as outside the HIA process itself because of the need for an independent and objective perspective, particularly for impact evaluation (Bhatia et al. That description is consistent with the earlier characterizations of HIA as a combination of procedures, methods, and tools (WHO 1999; Quigley et al. The potential for the HIA to be completed in the time allotted and with the resources available. Neidell M. Information, avoidance behavior, and health: The effect of ozone on asthma hospitalizations. Furthermore, some policies may focus on determinants of healthfor example, economic development, transportation, or housingrather than explicitly mentioning health. Articles in Google Scholar by Kaye Bender, PhD, RN, FAAN In practice, some HIAs have focused on a specific health end point, such as obesity, or health concerns related to a single impact of the proposal, such as the health effects of air pollutants, most likely without using a systematic approach that considered and eliminated other impacts (see, for example, Kuo et al. For example, in Alaska, one of the adverse impacts of a proposed mine expansion was the feared contamination of water and wildlife, and evidence suggested that a fear of contamination might lead communities to shy away from eating a traditional diet. Sources: Adapted from Cook et al. Quigley RJ, Taylor LC. Prospective health impact assessment: Pitfalls, problems, and possible ways forward. 4321-4347 [1970]; EC 2001). Advisory, steering, and technical oversight committees are also commonly convened during scoping. An initial brief summary of the pathways through which health could be affected and the health effects to be addressed, including a rationale for how the effects were chosen and an account of any potential health effects that were considered but were not selected and why. A description of the political and policy context of the decision and an analysis of the opportunities to influence decision-making or otherwise make health-oriented changes. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Such information would be useful for informing future implementation. McAuliffe M. Developers of Proposed Springfield Biomass Plant tell Public Health Council: Nothing Less Than the Best. Finally, it is appropriate to include issues that are the subject of community concern even if they seem unlikely to be substantiated by further analysis. It was concluded during the screening phase that an HIA would add value to project outcomes. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Retrieved fromhttps://www.chausa.org/communitybenefit/assessing-and-addressing-community-health-needs The opportunity to bring health information into a decision-making process that may otherwise not include this information. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. The quality of the report can be a criterion by which the quality of the process is judged; that is, How clearly does the final document present the results of the analysis?
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