linus pauling vitamin c, lysine protocol linus pauling vitamin c, lysine protocol
Hutchinson J, Lentjes MA, Greenwood DC, et al. Limitations inherent to dietary assessment methodology, such as recall bias, measurement error, and residual confounding, may account for some of the inconsistent associations between vitamin C intake and CHD risk. Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Of note, a subgroup analysis in one of the meta-analyses showed a reduction of post-operative atrial fibrillation with vitamin C in non US-based trials (10 trials) but no effect of vitamin C in US-based trials (5 trials) (140). Linus Pauling's Vit C-Lysine-Proline protocol - Ward Dean, MD Twenty-five years. (PubMed), 168. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice. A third placebo-controlled trial in mildly cognitively impaired older adults (ages, 60-75 years) found that one-year supplementation with vitamin C (400 mg/day) and vitamin E (300 mg/day) improved antioxidant blood capacity but had no effect on MMSE scores (106). Fructose and vitamin C intake do not influence risk for developing hypertension. 2010;126(6):1504-1512. (PubMed), 46 Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. 2001;357(9257):657-663. Efficacy and safety of vitamin C for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2016;5(2):94-100. 2016;73(8):1645-1658. Donin AS, Dent JE, Nightingale CM, et al. The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. Ashor AW, Lara J, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effect of vitamin C on endothelial function in health and disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. cholesterol. In the second prospective cohort study, the Diet, Cancer and Health Study, 55,543 Danish adults (ages 50-64 years) were questioned at baseline about their lifestyle, diet, and supplement use during the previous 12 months (125). 200. 2012;37(1):4-16. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Such a reduction falls within the range of assay variability and is unlikely to be clinically significant (121). Compared to orally administered vitamin C, intravenous vitamin C can result in 30 to 70-fold higher plasma vitamin C concentrations (25). It is produced as a protection mechanism by our bodies to protect us from bleeding out from damaged arteries, caused by a vitamin C deficiency and intrinsically low-level scurvy. Another pilot multicenter trial found better lung function during the first week of life and lower risk of wheezing through one year of age in infants whose smoking mothers were randomized to receive vitamin C (500 mg/day) rather than a placebo during pregnancy (95). (PubMed), 47. (PubMed), 183. Years later, Dr. Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize winner, is ignored for reporting that large amounts of vitamin C and lysine are needed to prevent coronary attacks. Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. Molecular Biology of the Cell. (PubMed), 34. Adjuvant effect of vitamin C on omeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Sauberlich HE. Carr AC, Vissers MC. A much larger study of 19,578 people, including 4,214 children from 6 to 16 years of age, found higher serum vitamin C concentrations to be associated with significantly lower blood lead concentrations (182). (PubMed). The Collagen Connection | Nutrition Review Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. Controversy surrounding the efficacy of vitamin C in cancer treatment ensued, leading to the recognition that the route of vitamin C administration is critical (22, 159). Therefore, the Linus Pauling Institute's intake recommendation of 400 mg/day of vitamin C for generally healthy adults takes into account the currently available epidemiological, biochemical, and clinical evidence, while acknowledging the extremely low toxicity of vitamin C and the incomplete information regarding optimum intake. J Stroke. Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk. J Emerg Med. (PubMed), 52. Dr. Pauling, for whom the Linus Pauling Institute has great respect, based his own recommendations for vitamin C largely on theoretical arguments. (PubMed), 12. Some people find them less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract than ascorbic acid. Prospective cohort studies can examine the incidence of a specific disease in relation to vitamin C intake or body status in a cohort of participants who are followed over time. 2005;24(4):269-276. Oregon State University, Updated in December 2004 by: Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. A 2017 review of eight published randomized controlled trials found inconsistent results from seven trials reporting on the effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum cholesterol and triglycerides, established risk factors for cardiovascular disease(52). (PubMed), 11. Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E. Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality. Overall, an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of NHL was observed. Divergent effects of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C on the generation of dysfunctional HDL associated with diabetes and the Hp 2-2 genotype. High-dose of vitamin C supplementation reduces amyloid plaque burden and ameliorates pathological changes in the brain of 5XFAD mice. In response to increasing oral doses of vitamin C, plasma vitamin C concentration rises steeply at intakes between 30 and 100 mg/day. Lysine Reported to Halt Coronaviruses: An Interview with Bill Sardi (PubMed), 8 Prinz W, Bortz R, Bregin B, Hersch M. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on some parameters of the human immunological defence system. 2017;9(11). A pilot clinical study of continuous intravenous ascorbate in terminal cancer patients. 2010;70(14):5749-5758. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. 2017;17(1):49. (PubMed), 44. Biofactors. Adv Pharm Bull. Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. Whether any increase in oxalate levels would translate to an elevation in risk for kidney stones has been examined in several epidemiological studies. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. (PubMed), 118. In developing his recommendations, he used cross-species comparisons, evolutionary arguments, the concept of biochemical individuality, and the amount of vitamin C likely consumed in a raw plant food diet. Scientific studies investigating vitamin C efficacy to prevent or treat disease need to assess baseline vitamin C status before embarking on an intervention or statistical analysis (22, 29-31). (PubMed), 155. Recall Matthias Rath and Linus Pauling's finding that lysine + vitamin C prevents Lipoprotein(a), a cholesterol-like particle, from forming within coronary arteries via its ability to take the place of Lp(a). Vitamin C Foundation Approved Cardio-C (Pauling-therapy) drink mix provides Linus Pauling's specific vitamin C and lysine. Three Arterial Cleansing Regimens - Knowledge of Health 1999;10(4):840-845. Roberts LJ, 2nd, Traber MG, Frei B. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in men. Curr Opin Crit Care. Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. 2005;102(38):13604-13609. 1994;42(5):276-278. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2003 by: Michels AJ, Frei B. Myths, artifacts, and fatal flaws: identifying limitations and opportunities in vitamin C research. In the Cohort of Swedish Men study, self-reported use of single-nutrient vitamin C supplements (taken seven or more times per week) at baseline was associated with a two-fold higher risk of incident kidney stones among 48,840 men (ages 45-79 years) followed for 11 years (199). JAMA. It is important for individuals with significantly elevated blood pressure not to rely on vitamin C supplementation alone to reduce their hypertension. Both vitamin C and aspirin reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations and improved blood lipid profile in metformin-treated patients. 2000;71(2):530-536. 2018;9:809. (PubMed), 38. Additionally, dietary, but not supplemental, intake of vitamin C and other antioxidant nutrients (carotenoids, proanthocyanidins, and manganese) was inversely associated with NHL risk. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. In 2004, a pooled analysis of nine prospective cohort studies found that supplemental vitamin C intake (400 mg/day for a mean of 10 years), but not dietary vitamin C intake, was inversely associated with CHD risk (46). 2003;90(2):148-154. 2005;135(7):1673-1677. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. In vitro experiments performed using 11 different cancer cell lines demonstrated that sensitivity to vitamin C correlated with the expression of catalase, an enzyme involved in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (172). Retention in the body Dixit S, Bernardo A, Walker JM, et al. 32. Few studies have measured vitamin C concentration in the CSF, which more closely reflects the vitamin C status of the brain. Block G, Jensen CD, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Crawford PB. Food Nutr Res. Pediatrics. See also the section on Sepsis in the Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9th International Conference on Diet and Optimum Health. Once plasma vitamin C concentrations reach saturation, additional vitamin C is largely excreted in the urine. The Pauling therapy is a combination of the specific orthomolecular nutrients - ascorbic acid, lysine and proline - that are proven to combat coronary heart disease at the specific dosages recommended by Linus Pauling. 2017;3:Cd011114. Although free metal ions are not generally found under physiological conditions, the idea that high doses of vitamin C might be able to promote oxidative damage in vivo has received a great deal of attention. (PubMed), 113. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. (PubMed), 153. 2008;19(11):1969-1974. 2011;42(6):1665-1672. Stephenson CM, Levin RD, Spector T, Lis CG. (PubMed), 7 Panush RS, Delafuente JC, Katz P, Johnson J. Modulation of certain immunologic responses by vitamin C. III. 2014;30(1):96-101. Although trials do not currently support the use of high-dose supplementation with vitamin C in cataract prevention, there is a consistent inverse association observed between high daily intake of fruit and/or vegetables (>5 servings/day) and risk of cataract (113). Kositsawat J, Freeman VL. 178. For instance, in a study of 747 older men, blood lead concentration was significantly higher in those who reported total dietary vitamin C intakes averaging less than 109 mg/day compared to those with higher vitamin C intakes (181). (PubMed). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. Overall, observational prospective cohort studies have reported no or modest inverse associations between vitamin C intake and the risk of developing a given type of cancer(37, 61-63). Combined evidence from metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and observational studies, and from randomized controlled trials supports consuming sufficient vitamin C to achieve plasma concentrations of at least 60 mol/L. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center (PubMed), 182. The recommended intake for smokers is 35 mg/day higher than for nonsmokers, because smokers are under increased oxidative stress from the toxins in cigarette smoke and generally have lower blood concentrations of vitamin C (36). Vitamin C infusion also lowered the concentration of markers of inflammation and endothelial injury in patients compared to placebo (154). However, no difference in the infarct size between antioxidant vitamin treatment and placebo was seen (138). Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. Combined effect of metformin with ascorbic acid versus acetyl salicylic acid on diabetes-related cardiovascular complication; a 12-month single blind multicenter randomized control trial. Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as poor wound healing and lethargy, likely result from the impairment of these vitamin C-dependent enzymatic reactions leading to the insufficient synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and catecholamines (see Deficiency). These products are all Lp (a) binding inhibitors. Carr AC, Cook J. In contrast, a 2014 meta-analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies in 17,696 women with breast cancer found a lower risk of total and breast cancer-specific mortality with higher supplemental and dietary vitamin C intakes (126). In a cohort of 21,831 adults followed for 12 years in the EPIC-Norfolk study, high plasma vitamin C was found to be strongly associated with a reduced risk of diabetes(84). Heart Disease Vitamin C and Linus Pauling by Jeffrey Dach MD Linus Pauling Heart Disease Prevention with Vitamin C 2007;104(21):8749-8754. One hundred percent absorption efficiency is observed when ingesting vitamin C at doses up to 200 mg at a time. 1993;57(2):213-217. (PubMed), 159. Although CSF vitamin C is maintained at concentrations several-fold higher than plasma vitamin C, the precise function of vitamin C in cognitive function and AD etiology is not yet fully understood (102). A meta-analysis of observational studies found that a reduced risk of age-related cataract with higher dietary vitamin C intakes in case-control studies and with higher circulating vitamin C concentrations in cross-sectional studies. Pauling LC. Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble, There is some evidence to suggest that vitamin C may be a useful, There are insufficient data to suggest a link between vitamin C status and the risk of developing a given type of. In another randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 28 critically ill patients with septic shock, infusion of 25 mg of vitamin C per kg every six hours for 72 hours significantly limited the requirement to vasopressor norepinephrinedecreasing both the dose and duration of treatmentand dramatically improved the 28-day survival rate (155). P R Health Sci J. Such symptoms appear to be related to the weakening of blood vessels, connective tissue, and bone, which all contain collagen. (PubMed), 91. A similar finding was obtained in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which combined supplementation with vitamin C (500 mg/day), vitamin E (800 IU/day), and -lipoic acid (900 mg/day) for 16 weeks reduced lipoprotein oxidation in CSF but elicited no clinical benefit in individuals with mild-to-moderate AD (n=78) (105). Early symptoms of scurvy like fatigue may result from diminished levels of carnitine, which is needed to derive energy from fat, or from decreased synthesis of the catecholamine norepinephrine (see Function). On the other hand, when plasma vitamin C concentration was measured, cross-sectional studies have consistently indicated an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin C concentration and blood pressure in both men and women (41-43). (PubMed). They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. Website https://www.paulingtherapy.comPauling Therapy for Heart Disease:-Vitamin C 12,000 mg-Lysine 6,000 mg-Proline 2,000 mg Pauling recommended 3 g each of vitamin C and lysine daily as a preventive measure. A number of observational studies have found increased dietary vitamin C intake to be associated with decreased risk of gastric (stomach) cancer, and laboratory experiments indicate that vitamin C inhibits the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds in the stomach (70-72). 1996;173(6):1502-1505. Another large, multi-center, prospective studythe Womens Health Initiativethat followed 154,363 postmenopausal women for 11 years found that dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake at baseline was inversely associated with diffuse B-cell lymphoma, a subtype of NHL (81). At the Linus Pauling Institute, we have based our vitamin C recommendations on the current body of scientific evidence, which is significantly greater than it was at Pauling's time but remains incomplete owing to the many diverse functions of vitamin C in the human body that have yet to be fully understood. Ann Intern Med. (PubMed), 176. Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. However, antioxidant supplementation resulted in reduced risks of placental abruption and preterm birth in women who smoked during pregnancy but not in non-smokers (94). Diabetes Care. 1999;281(24):2289-2293. Specifically, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study collected data on dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake every four years in 45,619 male health professionals (ages 40-75 years) (198). In fact, two prospective cohort studies in Swedish men (110)and women (111)reported that high-dose single nutrient supplements of vitamin C were associated with an increased risk of cataract, especially in those on corticosteroid therapy. (PubMed), 132. Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP): Rationale, design, and methods of a randomized, controlled trial of vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy for the primary prevention of effects of in utero tobacco smoke exposure on infant lung function and respiratory health. In particular, a specific allele of the haptoglobin gene (Hp), namely Hp2, appears to be associated with an increased risk of diabetic vascular complications. Vitamin C. In: Erdman JWJ, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. Polymeropoulos E, Bagos P, Papadimitriou M, Rizos I, Patsouris E, Tauoumpoulis I. Vitamin C for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. 2012;64(2):245-254. We have long recommended vitamin K be added to Pauling's basic vitamin C and lysine protocol for this reason. Most (~80%) cerebrovascular events in high-income countries are ischemic in nature and associated with atherosclerosis as an underlying condition (55, 56). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:416-426. 2013;177(6):548-555. Ester-C should not be confused with ascorbyl palmitate, which is also marketed as "vitamin C ester" (see below). (PubMed), 49. 1994;151(4):834-837. Sisto T, Paajanen H, Metsa-Ketela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting. ACS Chem Neurosci. Indeed, research has recently uncovered the crucial role played by enzymes, such as the TET dioxygenases and Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylases, in the fate of cells and tissues (seeTable 1). Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2008;26(3):297-304. 2011;2(2):78-88. Gao X, Curhan G, Forman JP, Ascherio A, Choi HK. (PubMed), 203. Carr A, Frei B. (PubMed), 205. Linus Pauling Institute 2001;91(4):563-567. Adults. (PubMed), 64. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2009;46(11):1558. The effect of vitamin C supplementation, in combination with other antioxidants, on CSF biomarkers and cognitive function has been examined in only a few trials involving AD patients. (PubMed), 151. Juraschek SP, Guallar E, Appel LJ, Miller ER, 3rd. It is not intended as nutritional or medical advice for individual problems. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial has examined the effect of intravenous vitamin C administered to patients with stable angina undergoing elective coronary angioplasty (130). Making sense of early high-dose intravenous vitamin C in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Vitamin C infusion (sodium ascorbate: 3.20 mmol/min for 1 hour then 0.96 mmol/min for 2 hours) prior to reperfusion followed by oral supplementation with vitamin C (1 g/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) for 84 days effectively prevented a reduction in antioxidant capacity at reperfusion and for the next six to eight hours. Hypertension. In a 1974 radio interview, he noted that "the first 250 mg is more important than any later 250 mg. Song Y, Xu Q, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Chen H. Multivitamins, individual vitamin and mineral supplements, and risk of diabetes among older U.S. adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. A 2014 meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials in subjects with or without chronic diseases summarized the effect of supplemental vitamin C on endothelial function by measuring FMD (19 studies), assessing forearm blood flow (20 studies), or by pulse wave analysis (5 trials) (39). PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Pfister R, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Nutr Cancer. Goyal A, Terry MB, Siegel AB. (PubMed), 120. Conde-Agudelo A, Althabe F, Belizan JM, Kafury-Goeta AC.
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