holding pattern entry quiz holding pattern entry quiz
holding-out partner. Note: Your message & contact information may be shared with the author of any specific Demonstration for which you give feedback. As soon as possible after the runway environment is in sight. Which approach and landing objective is assured when the pilot remains on the proper glidepath of the VASI? 4) ATC clears: "Cirrus Two Five Papa, hold southeast of CONAL as published, expect further clearance at 2330 Zulu. What information is contained in the Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP)? Aircraft may be required to hold for a variety of reasons, including: Waiting for an Expect Further Clearance time, There are three types of holding, all of which instrument approach chart legends depict: [, Depicted as a solid bold line on an instrument approach [, In practice, holding in lieu is not really a holding pattern, but a method by which to turn around (course reversal), When used, you do not need to go outbound for the full distance but rather after 1 minute you should turn back in and execute the approach, Arrival patterns are used to control the flow of traffic on an approach, Depicted as a thin solid line on instrument charts, Think of it as adding a delay to ensure the airport environment is clear, The arrival holding pattern is not authorized unless assigned by ATC, Visually depicts holding following the execution of a, Depicted as a dashed line on instrument approach procedure, This pattern is considered the "published missed", Many times ATC will assign alternate instructions to facilitate traffic flow, especially during practice approaches, Holding areas must be designated as protected, i.e., free from obstacles, Holding pattern airspace protection is therefore provided by controlling the pattern's location and size, The FAA's standard pattern consists of right turns (think that most are right-handed, making that standard), Although non-standard, left turns may be assigned, Holding patterns depicted in the instrument approach plate legend show both left and right turns and are in no way an indication of standards, Logically, obstacle protection increases with altitude, More importantly, altitude impacts airspeeds due to the operation (aircraft operating at higher altitudes fly faster). 3) ATC clears: "Saratoga Two Three Eight, hold Southwest of the Goodland VORTAC on the 230 radial, expect further clearance at 1515 zulu." Style . Check out the holding entry graphic example below. They are used to keep an aircraft in protected airspace while delaying its arrival at a later point along its route. Which information is always given in an abbreviated departure clearance? From what source can you obtain the latest FDC NOTAMs? This is especially true at higher altitudes where wind speeds are greater and ground speed results in a wider holding pattern, Some RNAV systems compute the holding pattern based on the aircraft's altitude and speed at a point prior to entering the hold. You receive this ATC clearance: Quiz: Do You Know These 6 Uncommon VFR Chart Symbols? These include the Direct Entry, Offset or Teardrop Entry and the Parallel Entry. Parallel ILS approaches provide aircraft a minimum of 1 1/2 miles radar separation between successive aircraft on the adjacent localizer course. A holding pattern is a method of delaying an aircraft already in flight, by having it fly a racetrack pattern within a specified airspace. Which should be adjusted initially? ATC will assign a contact approach only upon request if the reported visibility is at least 1 mile. If this sounds familiar, then you need not to worry. You can use it in the cockpit, and it won't take up too much of your attention, and with just a bit of practice, you'll have holding entries mastered! Holding can be used as a substitute for a procedure turn outside an instrument approach's final approach fix. The tower will automatically close the flight plan when the aircraft lands. All holding, including holding defined on an RNAV or RNP procedure, is based on the conventional NAVAID holding design criteria, including the holding protected airspace construction. How should an IFR flight plan be closed at the completion of the flight at a controlled airport? The rate of descent required to stay on the ILS glide slope. You are flying a heading of 360 when you are issued this clearance "hold east of the ABC VORTAC on the zero niner zero radial, right turns". Improve your pilot skills. If more than one cruising altitude is intended, what information should be entered in item 15, "Level," of the flight plan? Excluding procedure turns - the teardrop course is defined as an outbound track with an angular difference of _____ from the outbound course on the holding side. At what point would a pilot execute the missed approach for the LNAV approach at LBF? There's an easy way to make sure you get your holding pattern entry right every time. By continuing your visit to this site, you accept the use of cookies by Google Analytics to make visits statistics. What is the approximate rate of descent required (for planning purposes) to maintain the electronic glide slope at 105 knots ground speed? Practice choosing the right holding pattern entry, that is, direct, teardrop, or parallel. What conditions are necessary before ATC can authorize a visual approach? To ensure proper airspace protection while in a holding pattern above 14,000 feet in a propeller-driven airplane, what is the maximum indicated airspeed a pilot should use? Hitting the Show Entry button will add the entry type to the text below the clearance, as well as the time since the applet was loaded or the last clearance was requested. There are differences between the holding entry and flight track assumed in conventional holding pattern design and the entry and track that may be flown when RNAV guidance is used to execute holding. Teardrop entry: 1) after you cross the fix, turn outbound about 30 away from the holding course. When passing through an abrupt wind shear which involves a shift from a tailwind to a headwind, what power management would normally be required to maintain a constant indicated airspeed and ILS glide slope? Which conditions should the pilot expect? | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Hold east of the Ormond VORTAC on the 090 radial, left turns, maintain 5,000,' expect further clearance 0+50, specified airspace that is reasonably protected, federal aviation regulation 91.159 (VFR cruising altitude), http://www.lunabase.org/~faber/Vault/software/hold_quiz/, Aeronautical Information Manual (4-4-3) Clearance Items, Aeronautical Information Manual (5-3-7) Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA), Aeronautical Information Manual (5-3-8) Holding, Aeronautical Information Manual (5-4-9) Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn, Federal Aviation Administration - Airman Certification Standards, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, As the name suggests, holding is the act of delaying an aircraft from proceeding on course, Holding can be accomplished at a Navigational Aid (NAVAID), a fix, or an intersection, dictating how pilots execute their, Practice holding procedures is critical as this can be a perishable skill. Which clearance items are always given in an abbreviated IFR departure clearance? (AIM 5-3-12). When Should You Initiate A 'Pilot's-Discretion' Descent? Get started for free! "CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. After departing the holding fix, normal speed is to be resumed with respect to other governing speed requirements, such as terminal area speed limits, specific ATC requests, etc. "Practicing Aircraft Holding Pattern Entries", http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PracticingAircraftHoldingPatternEntries/, Boole Differential Equation with Continued Fractions, Practicing Aircraft Holding Pattern Entries, Incomplete Gamma Function with Continued Fractions, Natural Logarithm Approximated by Continued Fractions, Approximating Pi with Continued Fractions, Normal Distribution with Continued Fractions, Riccati Differential Equation with Continued Fractions, Approximating the Logarithm of Any Base with Continued Fractions, Approximating the Riemann Zeta Function with Continued Fractions. Which of the following would apply? holding-up hammer. My method for holding: Draw the fix you're holding at. Another simple strategy is to draw out the hold on your EFB in relation to the fix you've been instructed to hold at. Quiz: Do You Know These 6 Uncommon VFR Chart Symbols? Quiz: Can You Answer These 6 Regulations Questions? The provision of this service depends entirely upon whether controllers believe they are in a position to provide it and does not relieve a pilot of their responsibility to adhere to an accepted ATC clearance, If an aircraft is established in a published holding pattern at an assigned altitude above the published minimum holding altitude and subsequently cleared for the approach, the pilot may descend to the published minimum holding altitude. Practice holding pattern entries on your own time and convenience, so that choosing the proper one in the air becomes a breeze. If the flight guidance system's bank angle limit feature is pilot-selectable, a minimum 25 degree bank angle should be selected regardless of altitude unless aircraft operating limitations specify otherwise and the pilot advises ATC, Where a holding distance is published, the turn from the outbound leg begins at the published distance from the holding fix, thus establishing the design turn point required to remain within protected airspace. HOLD WEST ON THE TWO SEVEN ZERO RADIAL" Use of a shallower bank angle will expand both the width and length of the aircraft track, especially as wind speed increases. Enroll in Ground School and complete your full IFR training now! If you display the graphic, you will get one point for a correct answer and five penalty points for a wrong answer. Restricted airspace is an area typically used by the military where air traffic is restricted or prohibited for safety reasons. This is configurable; you can turn it on and off. HOLD SOUTH ON THE ONE EIGHT ZERO RADIAL" Nicolas is a flight instructor from Southern California. What characteristics should be observed when a headwind shears to be a constant tailwind? Quiz: Can You Answer These 6 Aerodynamics Questions? You can reach him at nicolas@boldmethod.com. Learn a new word every . By the time you've figured out what's going on, you've already passed the holding fix and don't know what to do next. When on the proper glidepath of a 2-bar VASI, the pilot will see the near bar as. When tracking in bound on the localizer, which of the following is the proper procedure regarding drift corrections? Which displacement from the localizer centerline and glide slope indicates you are high and to the left of the ILS course? Powered by WOLFRAM TECHNOLOGIES When more than one circuit of the holding pattern is needed to lose altitude or become better established on course, the additional circuits can be made. Fly a direct entry after crossing REVME. You will be using the TAIL of the needle to fly inbound, Similar to using two NAVAIDs however, in this case, you will be using a single receiver to monitor both the primary and secondary NAVAIDs, 3 to 5 minutes prior to reaching the holding intersection, ensure the secondary NAVAID is tuned and identified to check your position, Keep the volume low and constantly IDing to save time in the pattern, When timing outbound, tune and ID the primary NAVAID and toggle/twist the inbound course, At the completion of outbound timing, turn in and no later than 30 seconds after rolling wings level, Tune, ID, toggle, and twist the secondary NAVAID to identify the intersection, Corrections will be done using the TACAN holding procedures, using a correction factor; however, due to airspeed, possibly changing the length of legs, be conservative, Whenever aircraft are holding at an outer fix, ATC will usually provide radar surveillance of the outer fix holding pattern airspace area, or any portion of it, if it is shown on the controller's radar scope, The controller will attempt to detect any holding aircraft that stray outside the holding pattern airspace area and will assist any detected aircraft to return to the assigned airspace area, Many factors could prevent ATC from providing this additional service, such as workload, number of targets, precipitation, ground clutter, and radar system capability. Still looking for something? Fly for 1 minute, then turn toward the protected side to intercept the inbound course (more than a 180 degree turn). the ground visibility is less than 3 miles and/or the ceiling is less than 1,000 feet in Class B, C, D, or E airspace. "HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE TWO SIX EIGHT RADIAL OF THE ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS". The most current en route and destination flight information for planning an instrument flight should be obtained from. Quiz: 6 Questions To See How Much You Know About Aerodynamics. The 1.5-minute leg comes to play at 15k 10% RULE: 15 = 1.5 minutes, Timing inbound is measured from the point that the aircraft is wings level, inbound to the holding fix, to the time the aircraft crosses the holding fix, Outbound time is adjusted to achieve the correct inbound timing, Outbound leg timing begins over/abeam the fix, whichever occurs later, If the abeam position cannot be determined, start timing when the turn outbound is completed, Abeam is when the needle drops below the 90 benchmark in the HSI, not the TO/FROM flip, The initial outbound leg should be flown for 1 minute or 1 1/2 minutes (appropriate to altitude), Pilots may use any navigational means available; i.e., DME, RNAV, etc., to ensure the appropriate inbound leg times, Timing is generally associated with VOR holding, but some TACAN holds may require timing if no specified DME in the holding clearance, Holding protected airspace is designed based in part on pilot compliance with the three recommended holding pattern entry procedures, Deviations from these recommendations, coupled with excessive airspeed crossing the holding fix, may in some cases result in the aircraft exceeding holding protected airspace, Holding consists of several orbits in an oval-shaped pattern, The entry orbit establishes the aircraft into the holding pattern, When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (c), the direct entry procedure would be to fly directly to the fix and turn to follow the holding pattern [, When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (a), the parallel entry procedure would be to turn to a heading to parallel the holding course outbound on the non-holding side for one minute, turn in the direction of the holding pattern through more than 180 degrees, and return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound [, Right turns: first turn left, then left, and finally right, Left turns: first turn right, then right, and finally left, When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (b), the teardrop entry procedure would be to fly to the fix, turn outbound to a heading for a 30-degree teardrop entry within the pattern (on the holding side) for one minute, then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the inbound holding course [, Remember Left Add Right Subtract, or LARS for short, While other entry procedures may enable the aircraft to enter the holding pattern and remain within protected airspace, the parallel, teardrop, and direct entries are the procedures for entry and holding recommended by the FAA, derived as part of the development of the size and shape of the obstacle protection areas for holding, The no wind orbit begins the second time the aircraft crosses the station or fix, allowing the pilot to determine the initial corrections required for existing winds, As the name suggests, this orbit is flown as if there were no-wind for which to compensate, If this were true, you would (1) roll out of your inbound turn on the holding course and (2) inbound timing to the holding fix, if required, would equal the amount of time outbound, Pilots must execute the no-wind orbit as precisely as possible to identify initial corrections, The third and subsequent orbits in holding are called correction orbits, Correction orbits apply the correction factors determined on the previous orbit to the outbound leg of the holding pattern, Adjust the heading by the correction factor determined on the no-wind orbit, Confirm EFC 5 minutes before it is reached, Compensate for wind effect primarily by drift correction on the inbound and outbound legs, When outbound, triple the inbound drift correction to avoid major turning adjustments; e.g., if correcting left by 8 degrees when inbound, correct right by 24 degrees when outbound, Apply full correction outbound (if off 10, apply 10), Use full correction into the wind on the outbound leg, Use half correction into the wind on the inbound leg, DME of longest leg X degrees off = correction factor you will use, Air Traffic Control clearances will come with a clearance limit, be in the airport (no delay expected), or a NAVAID (delay expected), When no delay is expected, the controller should. Subscribe to the Boldmethod email and get real-world flying tips and information direct to your inbox, every week. What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern? Eventually, everyone gets stuck in a holding pattern. When over or abeam the holding fix, whichever occurs later. These holding patterns may differ in respect to turn directions and leg lengths depending on their application as an en route holding pattern, a holding pattern charted on a SID or STAR, or when used on an instrument approach procedure. It should be remembered that nothing in the AIM is mandatory, unless backed up by FAR. "CLEARED TO THE XYZ VORTAC. Copyright 2013 MetricsCat, Parnu mnt 139E, Tallinn, Estonia. Landing In Turbulence: How To Make Smooth Touchdown, Dihedral: Why Your Wings Have An Upward Angle, How To Make A Perfect Short Field Takeoff. David Megginson Pattern Altitude. This gives both standard and left-handed hold entry questions.Yes the terminology might not be exactly what you'd hear in the real world; I'm trying to paint a picture for the quiz-taker in as few words as possible, so the user doesn't have to scroll or squint at the screen.This app has a buzzer (short vibration) if you get a wrong answer. What does the Runway Visual Range (RVR) value, depicted on certain straight-in IAP Charts, represent? Loading or executing a holding pattern may result in the speed and time limits applicable to the aircraft's current altitude being used to define the holding pattern for RNAV lateral guidance. Which illustration would a pilot observe if the aircraft is less than 2.5? Boldmethod Boldmethod Boldmethod Boldmethod 21 feet above the glide slope and approximately 320 feet to the left of the runway centerline. holding pattern. The worst part (or maybe best) is that there's really only two entries. "HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE ZERO NINE ZERO RADIAL OF THE ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS". Fullscreen Practice choosing the right holding pattern entry, that is, direct, teardrop, or parallel. Watch our video here. It's only hard because, especially for the written, the rule has to be specific enough to test, so it's got to be down to the unit of a degree. A parallel entry can be substituted for a teardrop entry. The amount of usable fuel on board expressed in time. Dictionary Entries Near holding pattern. If you do not display the graphic, you get five points for a correct answer and one penalty point for a wrong answer. This gives both standard and left-handed hold entry questions.Yes the terminology might not be exactly what you'd hear in the real world; I'm trying to paint a picture for the quiz-taker in as few words as possible, so the user doesn't have to scroll or squint at the screen.This app has a buzzer (short . Quiz: Do You Know What These 5 ATC Phrases Mean? Quiz: Can You Answer These 6 RNAV Approach Questions? What is the rule for a pilot receiving a "Land and Hold Short Operation (LAHSO) clearance?". Do not hold for an approach you cannot legally execute! RVR minimums which are specified in the procedures should be converted and applied as ground visibility. To see what entry to use, hold up the appropriate hand, keep your fingers together, and extend your thumb. The RVR minimums for takeoff or landing are published in an IAP, but RVR is inoperative and cannot be reported for the runway at the time. Yo. "CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. Check out the example parallel entry drawn out on ForeFlight below: Want a deep dive on holding entries? Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of a. f=exsiny,P:(2,12,0),a=[2,3,0]f=e^x \sin y, P:\left(2, \frac{1}{2} \pi, 0\right), \mathbf{a}=[2,3,0]f=exsiny,P:(2,21,0),a=[2,3,0], What is the hybridization of the central N\mathrm{N}N atom in the azide ion (N3)\left(\mathrm{N}_3^{-}\right)(N3)? Fly direct to your holding fix, cross the fix, and turn to your outbound course. (See FIG 5-3-9.) The service provides to you data about app markets: This is for aviation students and pilots alike; test your "holding pattern entry" skills. Which displacement from the localizer centerline and glide slope indicates you are low and to the left of the ILS course? Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA. Flying clear of clouds on an instrument flight plan, what are the requirements for a contact approach to an airport that has an approved IAP? Proceed to the missed approach point at or above the MDA or DH before executing a turning maneuver. ILS: How The Instrument Landing System Works, Restricted Areas: What You Should Know, And How To Operate Around Them, Incorrect Altitude Readback Leads To Near CFIT Incident. PilotsCafe is a USA Registered Trademark.Designed, developed & maintained by Amir Fleminger. For example, coding will determine whether holding is conducted to manual termination (HM), continued holding until the aircraft reaches a specified altitude (HA), or holding is conducted until the holding fix is crossed the first time after entry (HF). Today we're looking at three different ways to enter a Holding Pattern. a RADAR system for monitoring approaches to closely spaced parallel runways. Features Entry Trainer - Drills you on choosing the best holding entry. When the holding fix is a NAVAID, the reciprocal will be the same as the radial, Determine the aircraft position relative to the holding fix and determine the type of entry orbit (described above) to use. What conditions are necessary before ATC can authorize a visual approach? After flying outbound on the 30 degree heading for 1 minute, turn toward the inbound course and intercept the inbound course (more than a 180 degree turn). A quick look at the approach plate's holding pattern symbology will tell you if you need to fly a HILPT. During a precision radar or ILS approach, the rate of descent required to remain on the glide slope will. ILS: How The Instrument Landing System Works, Restricted Areas: What You Should Know, And How To Operate Around Them, Incorrect Altitude Readback Leads To Near CFIT Incident. of the destination airport filed in the flight plan. You arrive at the 15 DME fix on a heading of 350. For example, entering or executing the holding pattern above 14,000 feet when intending to hold below 14,000 feet may result in applying 1 minute timing below 14,000 feet, NOTE- Some systems permit the pilot to modify leg time of holding patterns defined in the navigation database; for example, a hold-in-lieu of procedure turn. Which holding pattern correctly complies with these instructions, and what is the recommended entry procedure? In most RNAV systems, the holding pattern time remains at the pilot-modified time and will not revert back to the coded time if the aircraft descends to a lower altitude where a shorter time interval applies, RNAV systems are not able to alert the pilot for excursions outside of holding pattern protected airspace since the dimensions of this airspace are not included in the navigation database. From there, split up the zones, and fly the appropriate holding entry. The standard altitude blocks that we are concerned with are: These altitude blocks correspond to maximum airspeeds, Holding patterns may be restricted to a maximum speed, Holding speeds are based on an expected turn radius to keep pilots clear of obstacles, Charts depict speed restriction in parenthesis inside the holding pattern on the chart: e.g., (175), Pilots unable to comply with the maximum airspeed restriction should notify ATC, The aircraft should be at or below the maximum speed before initially crossing the holding fix to avoid exiting the protected airspace, Holding patterns from 6,001' to 14,000' may be further restricted to 210 KIAS, Note that holding speeds change at 14,001 (as does the holding time (1.0 to 1.5 minutes)), All helicopter/power lift aircraft holding on a "COPTER" instrument procedure is predicated on a minimum airspeed of 90 KIAS unless charted otherwise, When a published procedure directs a climb-in hold (i.e., "Climb-in holding pattern to depart XYZ VORTAC at or above 10,000" or "All aircraft climb-in TRUCK holding pattern to cross TRUCK Int at or above 11,500 before proceeding on course"), an additional obstacle protection area allows for greater airspeeds in the climb for those aircraft requiring them, Climb-in-holding permits a maximum airspeed of 310 KIAS unless a maximum holding airspeed is published, in which case that maximum airspeed is applicable, Where the holding pattern is restricted to a maximum airspeed of 175 KIAS, the 200 KIAS holding pattern template has been applied for published climb-in hold procedures for altitudes 6,000 feet and below and the 230 KIAS holding pattern template has been applied for altitudes above 6,000 feet, The airspeed limitations in 14 CFR Section 91.117, Aircraft Speed, still apply. This Demonstration simulates a holding pattern entry situation by indicating the course of the aircraft, the radial specified to hold on, and whether or not a left turn is instructed by air traffic control (ATC). Wolfram Demonstrations Project & Contributors | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | RSS Eventually, everyone gets stuck in a holding pattern. Is the following scenario familiar? What are the main differences between a visual approach and a contact approach? CLEARED TO THE DALLAS-LOVE AIRPORT AS FILED - MAINTAIN SIX THOUSAND - SQUAWK ZERO SEVEN ZERO FOUR JUST BEFORE DEPARTURE - DEPARTURE CONTROL WILL BE ONE TWO FOUR POINT NINER. Let a be an array of l00 integers. If the RVR equipment is inoperative for an IAP that requires a visibility of 2,400 RVR, how should the pilot expect the visibility requirement to be reported in lieu of the published RVR? Cite this Entry. What is your course to intercept the 330 VOR radial at 50 degrees. Holding tutorial - learn how to choose the best holding entry quickly and easily. I made this tool to help me study which entries to use into holding patterns. You receive this ATC clearance: https://dylanrush.s3. 1200 hr/annual, 600 hour, 100 hour, 50 hour, ad compliance, sb compliance, vor test, gps database update, maintenance on specific parts of the a/c -- lifetime. What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern? The total amount of usable fuel onboard expressed in hours and minutes. simultaneously monitoring two frequencies. Practice holding pattern entries on your own time and convenience, so that choosing the proper one in the air becomes a breeze. Destination airport, altitude, DP Name, Number, and/or Transition, if appropriate. "CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. Here are 4 great rules-of-thumb to use on the hot days ahead of you. Timing the holding pattern. Draw a line from your plane (ownship) to your holding fix, and draw your holding pattern. As the different entry types span angles of different size (direct 50%, teardrop ~19%, parallel ~31%), the scoring is prorated according to the likelihood of the angle's occurrence to prevent cheating by always picking direct (which covers half of all cases). Get Boldmethod flying tips and videos direct to your inbox. The holding pattern would only be a segment of the IAP if it is published on the instrument procedure chart and is used in lieu of a procedure turn, DME/GPS holding is subject to the same entry and holding procedures except that distances (nautical miles) are used in lieu of time values, The outbound course of the DME/GPS holding pattern is called the outbound leg of the pattern, The controller or the instrument approach procedure chart will specify the length of the outbound leg, The end of the outbound leg is determined by the DME or ATD readout, The holding fix on conventional procedures, or controller defined holding based on a conventional navigation aid with DME, is a specified course or radial and distances are from the DME station for both the inbound and outbound ends of the holding pattern, When flying published GPS overlay or stand alone procedures with distance specified, the holding fix will be a waypoint in the database and the end of the outbound leg will be determined by the ATD, Some GPS overlay and early stand alone procedures may have timing specified, When the inbound course is toward the NAVAID, the fix distance is 10 NM, and the leg length is 5 NM, then the end of the outbound leg will be reached when the DME/ATD reads 15 NM [, When the inbound course is away from the NAVAID and the fix distance is 28 NM, and the leg length is 8 NM, then the end of the outbound leg will be reached when the DME/ATD reads 20 NM [, The inbound course is always toward the waypoint and the ATD is zero at the waypoint.