which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america
David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . Direct link to Batuhan #BringBackBackgrounds's post The monarchy took most of, Posted 2 years ago. In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession of most of Spanish America and the establishment of independent nations. Image credit: Columbuss discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. The Conquest of Michoacn: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 15211530. [34], Venezuela was first visited by Europeans during the 1490s, when Columbus was in control of the region, and the region as a source for indigenous slaves for Spaniards in Cuba and Hispaniola, since the Spanish destruction of the local indigenous population. Later conquests in Mexico were protracted campaigns with less immediate results than the conquest of the Aztec Empire. These overseas territories of the Spanish Empire were under the jurisdiction of Crown of Castile until the last territory was lost in 1898. From decades of research, he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. He strongly influenced the formulation of colonial policy under the Catholic Monarchs, and was instrumental in establishing the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) (1503), which enabled crown control over trade and immigration. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. Often they erected a church on the site of an indigenous temple. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. The first settlement of La Navidad, a crude fort built on his first voyage in 1492, had been abandoned by the time he returned in 1493. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; Macas, Rosario Mrquez (1995). Spanish conquerors holding grants of indigenous labor in encomienda ruthlessly exploited them. They forbade the maltreatment of natives, and endorsed the forced resettlement of indigenous populations with attempts of conversion to Catholicism. Spalding, Karen. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Central African Empir, Posted 3 years ago. increasing colonial ties with English leaders in parliament. Benedict. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. The crown attempted to curb Spaniards' exploitation, banning Spaniards' bequeathing their private grants of indigenous communities' tribute and encomienda labor in 1542 in the New Laws. Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. By maintaining hierarchical divisions within communities, indigenous noblemen were the direct interface between the indigenous and Spanish spheres and kept their positions so long as they continued to be loyal to the Spanish crown. [84][85][86][87][88], The exploitation and demographic catastrophe that indigenous peoples experienced from Spanish rule in the Caribbean also occurred [5] The deeply pious Isabella saw the expansion of Spain's sovereignty inextricably paired with the evangelization of non-Christian peoples, the so-called spiritual conquest with the military conquest. In Mexico, Bishop Juan de Zumrraga prosecuted and had executed in 1539 a Nahua lord, known as Don Carlos of Texcoco for apostasy and sedition for having converted to Christianity and then renounced his conversion and urged others to do so as well. I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. "The Bourbon Reforms" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture1996 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBedini1992 (, Cook, Noble David. [83] These elites played an intermediary role between the Spanish rulers and indigenous commoners. Upon the success of the expedition, the spoils of war were divvied up in proportion to the amount a participant initially staked, with the leader receiving the largest share. Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. [62], The impossibility of the physical presence of the monarch and the necessity of strong royal governance in The Indies resulted in the appointment of viceroys ("vice-kings"), the direct representation of the monarch, in both civil and ecclesiastical spheres. [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. Best was gold, but silver was found in abundance. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. Stanford University Press, 2004. "[126] On the frontier of empire, Indians were seen as sin razn, ("without reason"); non-Indian populations were described as gente de razn ("people of reason"), who could be mixed-race castas or black and had greater social mobility in frontier regions. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. 142-43. [98][99] The history of the Guaran has also been the subject of a recent study. The end of the Habsburg dynasty in 1700 saw major administrative reforms in the eighteenth century under the Bourbon monarchy, starting with the first Spanish Bourbon monarch, Philip V (r. 17001746) and reaching its apogee under Charles III (r. 17591788). However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. I've read that the reasons for Spanish conquest could be summed up with three words: "Gold, Glory, God.". The crown aimed to prevent the formation of an aristocracy in the Indies not under crown control. The Nahuas after the Conquest. Borah, Woodrow. [8][9] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernn Corts, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. In areas of dense, stratified indigenous populations, especially Mesoamerica and the Andean region, Spanish conquerors awarded perpetual private grants of labor and tribute to particular indigenous settlements, in encomienda they were in a privileged position to accumulate private wealth. [164] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster Martn Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. Figure 1. lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca was one of four survivors of that expedition, writing an account of it. A social system in which class status is determined at birth. Is there any instances where the Spaniards conquered places to spread religious belief?? In colonial Mexico, there are petitions to the king about a variety of issues important to particular indigenous communities when the noblemen did not get a favorable response from the local friar or priest or local royal officials. The first mainland explorations by Spaniards were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. A number of friars in the early period came to the vigorous defense of the indigenous populations, who were new converts to Christianity. 1, pp. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. [80], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. Direct link to skyler karrick's post i think those dresses loo. For all practical purposes, this was slavery. [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. The Taino population on Hispaniola went from hundreds of thousands or millions the estimates by scholars vary widely but in the mid-1490s, they were practically wiped out. [72] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. [2] By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases . Spalding, Karen. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. [13] They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. Even by the mid-1510s, the western Caribbean was largely unexplored by Spaniards. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. how do I Define the term empire in the context of the Spanish conquest of South America? [101] In 2007 Pope Benedict XVI issued a less sweeping apology for the wrongs done in the conversion of indigenous peoples. Spain was driven by three main motivations. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. [104] With the 1508 papal grant to the crown of the Patronato real, the crown, rather than the pope, exercised absolute power over the Catholic Church in the Americas and the Philippines, a privilege the crown zealously guarded against erosion or incursion. [74], Beginning in 1522 in the newly conquered Mexico, government units in the Spanish empire had a royal treasury controlled by a set of oficiales reales (royal officials). The purpose, they said, was to protect the American colonists, though the actual reason probably had more to do with wanting to 'keep an eye' on them. Pope Alexander VI in a 4 May 1493 papal decree, Inter caetera, divided rights to lands in the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal on the proviso that they spread Christianity. The Spanish had mixed-race children in the Americas with enslaved Africans and Native Americans. I think the Span, Posted 2 years ago. They preferred wheat cultivation to indigenous sources of carbohydrates: casava, maize (corn), and potatoes, initially importing seeds from Europe and planting in areas where plow agriculture could be utilized, such as the Mexican Bajo. Expeditions continued into the 1540s and regional capitals founded by the 1550s. Direct link to d042's post how do I Define the term , Posted 3 years ago. "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. The salary of officials during the Habsburg era were paltry, but the corregidor or alcalde mayor in densely populated areas of indigenous settlement with a valuable product could use his office for personal enrichment. How did spain handle all the inflation? [Chile] has four months of winter, no more, and in them, except when there is a quarter moon, when it rains one or two days, all the other days have such a beautiful sunshine Chile was explored by Spaniards based in Peru, where Spaniards found the fertile soil and mild climate attractive. Q. Maya society under colonial rule: The collective enterprise of survival. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. Their central official and ceremonial area was built on top of Aztec palaces and temples. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. In Peru, the attempt of the newly appointed viceroy, Blasco Nez Vela, to implement the New Laws so soon after the conquest sparked a revolt by conquerors against the viceroy and the viceroy was killed in 1546. The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. Florida was supposedly named because it was spotted on Easter, or the Festival of Flowers as it was commonly called in Spain. [25][26][27][28] Not until the conquest of the Incan Empire, which used similar tactics and began in 1532, was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scale of either territory or treasure. Brown, Kendall W., "The Spanish Imperial Mercury Trade and the American Mining Expansion Under the Bourbon Monarchy," in, Van Ausdal, Shawn, and Robert W. Wilcox. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). Rowe, John. After the collapse of the Taino population of Hispaniola, Spaniards began raiding indigenous settlements on nearby islands, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, to enslave those populations, replicating the demographic catastrophe there as well. the great depression caused the stock market crash of 1929. the stock market crash of . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is . When the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus's voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the locations where slaves were most frequently sent after being transported to the New World on the Middle Passage., Identify the issue that was not a point of contention between colonial assemblies and their respective royal governors., On the table below, click or tap to identify the first colony to have a black . [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spains Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. [113], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. Collier, Simon. [114] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. [65] In addition, the Casa de Contratacin took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. Queen Isabel put an end to formal slavery, declaring the indigenous to be vassals of the crown, but Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor continued. Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. [53] The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. [154][155] A 1995 Bolivian-made film is in some ways similar to Even the Rain is To Hear the Birds Singing, with a modern film crew going to an indigenous settlement to shoot a film about the Spanish conquest and end up replicating aspects of the conquest. Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. [32] With a hostile indigenous population, no obvious mineral or other exploitable resources, and little strategic value, Chile was a fringe area of colonial Spanish America, hemmed in geographically by the Andes to the east, Pacific Ocean to the west, and indigenous to the south. England's colonization of North America differed from that of its European rivals. Respect was out of the question then, as now, when people of one race consider themselves to be superior to people of other races. Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Instituto Bibliogrfico Mexicano 1961, Gibson, Charles. - The Pueblo Revolt occurs in 1680. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. Image credit: By 1600, Spain had reaped substantial monetary benefits from New World resources. [148] Only the most valuable low bulk products would be exported. There is no fabrication here, What are some specific examples of political systems they had. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. The monarch was head of the civil and religious hierarchies. Columbuss colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. The Spanish became wealthy from mining large amounts of gold C. The Spanish became wealthy from fur trapping D. Spanish colonies were largely established as havens from . Gold and silver began to connect European nations through trade, and the Spanish money supply ballooned, which signified the beginning of the economic system known as, Riches poured in from the colonies, and new ideas poured in from other countries and new lands. Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. [51] Like previous conquistadors, Oate engaged in widespread abuses of the Indian population. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramrez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes.
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