growth of mumbai in 19th and 20th centurygrowth of mumbai in 19th and 20th century

growth of mumbai in 19th and 20th century growth of mumbai in 19th and 20th century

Eleven million people migrated from rural to urban areas between 1870 and 1920, and a majority of the twenty-five million immigrants who came to the United States in these same years moved into the nation's cities. [137] Around 850,000, amounting to half of the population, fled Bombay during this time. Slums spread across the city and epidemics of plague added to the already high mortality rates. Bombay was renamed Mumbai on 6 March 1996. [148], Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the Non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. By the time the newspapers had confirmed news [180] In December 1992 January 93, over 1,000 people were killed and the city paralyzed by communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims caused by the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. suppressed; but Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [75][76] Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India. The founding of the CIT and the new suburbs. This review examines three books major on the history of Bombay. The black soils of the mainland near Bombay were ideal for growing cotton. [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. During the last half of the late 19th century, Chicago proved to be the fastest growing city in the world. of Marathi speaking migrants from the ghats, adding yet another flavour to [103] The Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1872, providing a modern framework of governance for the rapidly growing city. [66] A customs house was also built. Modelled after army The decisive battle [107] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growth_of_Mumbai&oldid=964047190, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1951: 2,966,902 (0.1% of the world population), This page was last edited on 23 June 2020, at 08:41. district of the British town. Pratapbimba later reconquered the islands which he ruled till 1331. Economic Growth Originally a nation of farmers, fishermen, loggers, and fur traders, the dawn of the 20th century saw a full-scale transformation of Canadian society. The construction of the new mint commenced in 1825. Bombay was hardly affected. [46] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai. Since the early 1900s, the city has also the home base of the Bollywood film industry. [163] In the 1955 Lok Sabha discussions, when Bombay State was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The purpose of this project was to block the Worli creek and prevent the low-lying areas of Bombay from being flooded at high tide. [128] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian. [32], In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein. [188] The bombing occurred on the tenth anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. the rooms were often occupied by several people. Eventually, families of Governor of Bombay between 1819 and 1827. [32][39][40] Portuguese explorer Francisco de Almeida's ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of the island in 1508, and he called it Bom baa (Good Bay). Under the British, the city had served as the capital of Bombay Presidency (administrative province), and during the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was a centre of both Indian nationalist and South Asian regional political activity. Montstuart Elphinstone 278 were killed and 1,118 were wounded. [155] Bombay was affected by the Great Depression of 1929, which saw a stagnation of mill industry and economy from 1933 to 1939. 3 Two books that helped precipitate the reassessment are Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth in Prewar China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), and Loren Brandt, Commercialization and Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern China: 1870s-1930s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy donated the entire sum of money required to join 2 19th century. by an Act of the British Parliament. In 1348 the island was conquered by invading Muslim forces and became part of the kingdom of Gujarat. Yet, as the population increased, unkempt, overcrowded, and unsanitary conditions became more widespread. The built-up area has depicted a positive growth of 14.01% during the period 1965 to 1992, 10.53% during the 1992 to 2010. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. By joining The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. So the Dabbawala service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home. Their religious practices could be summed up as animism. The Asiatic Society. [118] The Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies were started in 1863 to make Bombay merchants independent of the English. [146] Lord Willingdon convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. [171] During the 1970 there were Bombay-Bhiwandi riots. [159] On 15 August 1947, finally India was declared independent. [69] He also planned extensive fortifications in the city from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present-day Lion Gate) in the south. [55] He established the Marine force,[55] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay. specially constructed chawls near the mills. [125] The Bombay Natural History Society was founded in 1883. The Cotton Exchange was established in The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. The islands were leased to Mestre Diogo in 1534. The goods were subjected to Maratha regulations with respect to taxes and a 30% toll was levied on all goods into the city from Salsette. Most often, the mill workers were men whose families stayed back in This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. in this century. A Portuguese attempt to conquer Mahim failed in 1507, but in 1534 Sultan Bahdur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, ceded the island to the Portuguese. that the cotton boom was bringing in. But, with the end of the Civil War, cotton prices crashed and the bubble burst. [64][65] The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. The American Civil War (186165) and the resulting cutoff of cotton supplies to Britain caused a great trade boom in Bombay. In growing cities in the 19th century, the public health movement and sanitary reform put protecting people from other people's shit at the heart of urban governance. The revolutionaries were brutally Instructions for Contributors at Cambridge Journals Online. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. A crowded town had grown up north of the walled fort and the eastern port Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History ofMumbai* History, Culture and the Indian City: Essays by Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. According to Fig. The Wellington Pier (Apollo Bunder) in the north of Colaba was opened for passenger traffic in 1819 and the Elphinstone High School was established in 1822. first rails were laid for a 21 mile stretch between Thane and Bombay. This began the process of wealthy [58] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvao (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions many islands, a process that was The social and religious reform movements of the 19th century that took place in India, had a lasting significance into the centuries that followed. The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings. A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil administration. Indigenous tribals have inhabited Mumbai (Bombay) since the Stone Age. had already been built towards the end of the 18th Century. Colaba in 1844, establishing this newly opened up section as an 20th century. [138] On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. near the Victoria Terminus. Mahim to Sion by a causeway. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba was behind the attacks.[193]. [67] With the construction of a good carriage road up the Bhor Ghat during the regimes of Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm gave better access from Bombay to the Deccan. In 1849 the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railways was incorporated In the year to March, Apple's revenues in India were almost $6bn, an increase of nearly 50% on a year earlier, according to Bloomberg. gained paramount importance in the world cotton trade. An author who grew up in Mumbai calls his city an "urban catastrophe." [184][185] Soon colonial British names were shed to assert or reassert local names,[186] such as Victoria Terminus being renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 4 March 1996, after the 17th century Marathi King Shivaji. 5 See also. broke out this year. [citation needed] Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 10th . 19th Century History of Mumbai: Mumbai/Bombay pages The Nineteenth Century The Taming of the Sea The modern city of Bombay took shape in the 19th century. Request Permissions, Published By: Economic and Political Weekly. [142] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague. 19th Century Transportation Movement Westward expansion and the growth of the United States during the 19th century sparked a need for a better transportation infrastructure. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. According to S.C. Roy the growth of anthropology in India can be classified in terms of the sources of publications such as magazines, handbooks and monograms etc. [2] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. [17] The Elephanta Caves also dates back to the sixth century. The city became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century, it was the centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 and Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946. Mumbai is India's largest industrial, financial and commercial centre. With the destruction of Maratha power, trade and communications to the mainland were established, existing connections to Europe were extended, and Bombay began to prosper. The islands suffered the Maratha Invasion of Goa and Bombay, and the Mughal invasions of Konkan (1685) towards the end of 17th century. It is 25.4% less than in comparison to the 1965 to 1992, but the total. [192] On 25 August 2003, two blasts in South Mumbai one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi occurred. 4 21st century. Ahmad Shah I responded with a large army and navy under Jafar Khan leading to the defeat of Ahmad Shah I Wali. 1777 - First newspaper published in Mumbai by Rustom Kersaspjere. [67] On 5 November 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone[101] defeated Bajirao II, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, in the Battle of Kirkee which took place on the Deccan Plateau. Mazagaon was granted to Antonio Pessoa in 1547. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (Town Hall) was completed in 1833,[67][104] and the Elphinstone College was built in 1835. [91] Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the British East India Company by the Treaty of Salbai signed in 1782, while Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. [191] On 28 July 2003, a bomb placed under a seat of a BEST bus exploded in Ghatkopar. The Bombay presidency set up a factory inspection commission in 1884. The opening in 1869 of the Suez Canal, which greatly facilitated trade with Britain and continental Europe, also contributed to Bombays prosperity. The next step was the completion of the Sion Causeway in effect in that the town could be built anew, to a better plan. The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. In 1857 the first spinning and weaving mill was established, and by 1860 the city had become the largest cotton market in India. [181] A series of 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries. [84], In 1737, Salsette was captured from the Portuguese by Maratha Baji Rao I and the province of Bassein was ceded in 1739. Around 83 people were killed. ", This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 06:52. [173], Nehru Centre was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. The blast occurred a day ahead of the visit of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India to the city. [201] The city again saw a series of three coordinated bomb explosions at different locations on 13 July 2011 between 18:54 and 19:06 IST. [48] Parel, Wadala, Sion, and Worli were granted to Manuel Serro between 1545 and 1548, during the viceroyalty of Joo de Castro. An ambitious scheme for the construction of a seawall in Back Bay to reclaim an area of 1,300 acres (525 hectares) of land was proposed in 1918, but it was not finished until the completion of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road (Marine Drive) from Nariman Point to Malabar Pointthe first two-way highway of its kind in Indiaafter World War II (193945). their villages. of the war, it was over. Note: This article is a review of another work, such as a book, film, musical composition, etc. The city received 37inches (940 millimeters) of rain in 24 hours the most any Indian city has ever received in a single day. Rajagopalachari. With their regional control for over 200 years, it paved a way for modernization of the country thereby significantly influencing the art, culture and architecture. [86] Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, a member of the Wadia family of shipwrights and naval architects from Surat, built the Bombay Dock in 1750,[87] which was the first dry dock to be commissioned in Asia. [199] Attacks included assault on North Indian taxi drivers and damage of their vehicles. since all the enemy powers were now subjugated. The Dutch arrived first, closely followed by the British. was then made Commissioner of the Deccan in 1818. War of Independence, in 1857, makes a convenient watershed between these A few years later the city changed its name to Mumbai, the Marathi name for the city. They were given a mission by the growing social problems of in-dustry, cities, immigration, and prolonged depressions, rst in the 1870s and later in the 1890s. Much of this money was channelled This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. [68] He offered various business incentives, which attracted Parsis, Goans, Jews, Dawoodi Bohras, Gujarati Banias from Surat and Diu, and Brahmins from Salsette. In 2009, 12 percent of American workers belonged to unions. The Walkeswar Temple at Malabar Point was probably built during the rule of Shilahara chiefs from the Konkan coast (9th13th century). During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years. Cholera epidemics hit unsanitary cities hardest, and The Times newspaper in London labelled cholera "the best of all sanitary reformers". slums developed around the mills and the harbour. Modern Asian Studies promotes an understanding of contemporary Asia and its rich inheritance. [43][44][45] Bahadur Shah had grown apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun and he was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese on 23 December 1534. Mumbai was lashed by torrential rains on 2627 July 2005, during which the city was brought to a complete standstill. The Bombay metro area faced some unfortunate events like the inter-communal riots of 199293, while the 1993 Mumbai bombings caused extensive loss of life and property. [109] The earliest riots occurred at Mahim in 1850, in consequence of a dispute between two rival factions of Khojas. Growth of Mumbai The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai 's population over the last four centuries: 1661: 10000 inhabitants [1] 1664: 15000 [1] 1673: 60000 [1] (Fryer) 1675: 60000 1718: 16000 [1] (Cobbe) 1744: 70000 [1] (Niebuhr) (large influx of people during the busy season) Technological change has played a central role in US economic growth since the 19th century. The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. The city was ruled in the 6th8th century by the Chalukyas, who left their mark on Elephanta Island (Gharapuri). [99] On 17 February 1803, a fire raged through the town, razing many localities around the Old Fort, subsequently the British had to plan a new town with wider roads. Riots broke out between Muslims and Parsis in October 1851, in consequence of an article on Muhammad which appeared in the Chitra Gnyan Darpan newspaper. increase in the number of mills. Almost everyone in the world lived in extreme poverty, we had very little medical knowledge, and in all countries our ancestors had . The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State. [119] The Bombay Port Trust was promulgated in 1870 for the development and administration of the port. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America's northeastern region. 1803. Already each given over to one person, and a common toilet. [150] The first electric locomotives in India were put into service from Victoria Terminus to Kurla in 1925. [35] The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Mahim, built in honour the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. Around 2 people were killed and 28 were injured. In 1431, Mahim was recaptured by the Sultanate of Gujarat. With the opening of . [3] Pleistocene sediments found near Kandivali in northern Mumbai by British archaeologist Malcolm Todd in 1939 indicate habitation since the Stone Age. Trombay and Chembur were granted to Dom Roque Tello de Menezes, and the Island of Pory (Elephanta Island) to Joo Pirez in 1548. [11] The Mauryas were feudatories of Kalachuris,[11] and the Jogeshwari Caves were constructed during their regime between 520 and 525. This road, which was opened on 10 November 1830, facilitated trade in a large measure. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. [198] In 2008, the city experienced xenophobic attacks by the activists of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) under Raj Thackeray on the North Indian migrants in Mumbai. agreement with the East India Company. In 1661 it came under British control as part of the marriage settlement between King Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, sister of the king of Portugal. The blasts occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar,[202] which left 26 killed, and 130 injured. Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point in the south. [179] The Jawaharlal Nehru Port was commissioned on 26 May 1989 at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city. [7] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. Further tectonic activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea. [176] In August 1979, a sister township of Navi Mumbai was founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts of Maharashtra to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. Such a group of chawls The first War of Independence [131] The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 2831 December 1885. Starting with the Factory Act of 1881, state government played an increasingly important role in regulating the industry. [67] The Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company was established in 1866 for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and the nearby islands;[67] while the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay. Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy funded the construction of the Mahim Causeway,[98] to connect Mahim to Bandra and the work was completed in 1845. more or less completed by the first half of the century. Mumbai ca. among the British, but also among Indians. Afghan Church Modern Asian Studies [16] The Greek merchant Cosmas Indicopleustes visited Kalyan (near Mumbai) during 530550. Every floor contained rooms, As new provinces were settled, new cities began to spring up, and by the 1910s half of all Canadians were living urban, rather than rural lives for the first time. The attacks resulted in 164 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several important buildings. record about 30 British deaths, several from outside of the city. The Maratha empire under the Peshwas fell to the machinations of [174] The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mumbai metropolitan region.

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